Introduction: The aim of this study early recognize diabetic nephropathy by ultrasound elastography.This study was to predict the possibility of developing diabetic nephropathy without the need for renal biopsy. Methods:This study included 100 patients and 100 healthy volunteers. Shear wave elastography examination were taken of the renal parenchyma and the Resistive Index values were taken renal artery. Results:.In the patient group, the elastography values were measured as 7.02±2.15 kPa in the right kidney parenchyma and 6.90±2.09 kPa in the left. In the control group, the elasticity values were measured as 4.14±0.98 kPa in the right kidney parenchyma and 4.11±0.85 kPa in the left. The RI mean values were determined as 0.59±0.05 in the right kidney and 0.59±0.04 in the left kidney in the patient group and 0.52±0.05 in the right kidney and 0.52±0.05 in the left kidney in the control group. Conclusion: The elastography values and the RI values were significantly higher in the patients with Type 2 DM than in the control group. Thus, it can be concluded that it is possible to determine renal fibrosis and predict the possibility of diabetic nephropathy development with the non-invasive methods of SWE and colour Doppler US, without the need for biopsy.

Background/Objectives: Bilateral symmetry of craniofacial structures is a fundamental principle in clinical application, particularly in procedures involving unilateral trauma or skeletal loss. The zygomaticomaxillary suture (ZMS), located at the articulation between the zygomatic bone and maxilla, is considered a potentially stable midfacial landmark owing to its distinct anatomical position and relevance in surgical planning. This study aimed to evaluate the bilateral symmetry of the ZMS and its surrounding anatomical structures in healthy adults using three-dimensional CT reconstructions and to develop predictive models for contralateral estimation. Methods: Craniofacial CT scans of 200 adult individuals (101 females and 99 males, aged ≥18 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Fourteen morphometric parameters related to the ZMS and adjacent craniofacial structures were measured bilaterally on 3D reconstructions generated from CT data. Statistical analyses included tests for normality, sex and side comparisons, correlation analysis, and linear regression to develop side-predictive formulas. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the right and left sides for any parameter, confirming a high degree of bilateral symmetry. However, significant sex-based differences were observed in two parameters: the lateral extension of the ZMS (p = 0.024 right; p = 0.046 left) and piriform aperture width (p = 0.017). Regression models developed for each sex provided reliable estimates of contralateral morphometric values based on single-sided measurements. Conclusions: The results confirm high bilateral symmetry of the ZMS and adjacent midfacial structures, supporting its reliability as a reference point in surgical planning and facial reconstruction. Regression models enhance the accuracy of mirror-based approaches in unilateral midfacial defects.

Amaç: Nonproliferatif diyabetik retinopatide ve Proliferatif diyabetik retinopatide optik sinir elastisitesini ve santral retinal arter rezistif indeks değerlerini karşılaştırmayı amaçladık.Materyal ve Metod: Nonproliferatif diyabetik retinopatili ve Proliferatif diyabetik retinopatili 31 olgunun optik sinir sertlik derecesi Shear-Wave Elastografi tekniğiyle değerlendirildi. Eş zamanlı olarak Renkli Doppler Ultrasonografi yöntemiyle santral retinal arterin rezistif indeks değerleri ölçülerek, kontrol gru-buyla karşılaştırıldı.Bulgular: Retinopatisi olan hastalar, retinopatisi olmayan diyabetik hastalar ve sağlıklı gönüllüler ile karşılaştırıldığında optik sinir Shear-Wave Elastografi değerleri anlamlı olarak yüksek izlendi(p<0.05).Santral retinal arter rezistif indeks değerleri retinopatisi olan hastalarda olmayanlara göre anlamlı olarak yüksek izlendi(p<0,05). Retinopatisi olmayanlar için Rİ değerleri 0,57±0,88 ve Retinopatisi olanlarda ise 0,67±0,53 olarak ölçüldü.Sonuç: Diyabetik retinopatinin etyopatogenezi hala tartışmalıdır. Nonproliferatif diyabetik retinopatide ve Proliferatif diyabetik retinopatide Shear-Wave Elastografi ile optik sinirin sertlik derecesinde ve Renkli Doppler Ultrasonografi incelemede oküler kan akım parametrelerinde anlamlı değişiklikler olabilmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Diyabetik Retinopati, Shear-Wave Elastografi, Optik sinir, Renkli Doppler Ultrasonografi , Santral retinal arter

This study aimed to evaluate comprehensively the morphometric characteristics of the brainstem and posterior fossa cisterns using midsagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to investigate sex-related differences. A total of 200 adult participants aged 18 years and older (100 males, 100 females) were retrospectively included. High-resolution midsagittal T2-weighted MRI sequences were analyzed to measure the tentorial angle, clivus length, foramen magnum diameter, anteroposterior and superoinferior dimensions of brainstem segments, and the anteroposterior distances of the cisterna interpeduncularis, cisterna prepontis, cisterna magna, and cisterna quadrigeminalis. Data were analyzed using SPSS 28.0 with Mann–Whitney U and Spearman correlation tests. Females demonstrated greater tentorial angle and cerebellar height, whereas males exhibited larger mesencephalic and pontine dimensions as well as a wider interpeduncular cistern. No significant sex-related differences were observed in the remaining parameters. Correlation analysis revealed that the tentorial angle was positively associated with cerebellar height but negatively correlated with the widths of the interpeduncular and magna cisterns. Additional positive correlations were identified among brainstem segments and between posterior fossa cisterns. This study provides normative morphometric data on the brainstem and posterior fossa cisterns, offering reliable reference values for clinical and radiological assessments. The findings may contribute to improving diagnostic accuracy, refining surgical safety margins, and aiding in the differential diagnosis of pathological conditions. Furthermore, the data are expected to facilitate a more comprehensive anthropological evaluation of cranial morphology.