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Prof. Neelke Doorn
Department of Values, Technology and Innovation, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5015, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands

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0 Climate Change
0 Resilience
0 Water Engineering
0 water governance
0 ethics of technology

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Journal article
Published: 30 July 2021 in Sustainability
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While resilience is a major concept in development, climate adaptation, and related domains, many doubts remain about how to interpret this term, its relationship with closely overlapping terms, or its normativity. One major view is that, while resilience originally was a descriptive concept denoting some adaptive property of ecosystems, subsequent applications to social contexts distorted its meaning and purpose by framing it as a transformative and normative quality. This article advances an alternative philosophical account based on the scrutiny of C.S. Holling’s original work on resilience. We show that resilience had a central role among Holling’s proposals for reforming environmental science and management, and that Holling framed resilience as an ecosystem’s capacity of absorbing change and exploiting it for adapting or evolving, but also as the social ability of maintaining and opportunistically exploiting that natural capacity. Resilience therefore appears as a transformative social-ecological property that is normative in three ways: as an intrinsic ecological value, as a virtue of organizations or management styles, and as a virtuous understanding of human–nature relations. This interpretation accounts for the practical relevance of resilience, clarifies the relations between resilience and related terms, and is a firm ground for further normative work on resilience.

ACS Style

Jose Cañizares; Samantha Copeland; Neelke Doorn. Making Sense of Resilience. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8538 .

AMA Style

Jose Cañizares, Samantha Copeland, Neelke Doorn. Making Sense of Resilience. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8538.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose Cañizares; Samantha Copeland; Neelke Doorn. 2021. "Making Sense of Resilience." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8538.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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Responsible Research and Innovation and Responsible Innovation, as academic endeavours, have grown substantially since their birth in the previous decades. They have been used as synonyms on a structural basis, and both concepts have been studied from various disciplinary backgrounds. This paper identifies Responsible Research and Innovation's and Responsible Innovation's shared research topics, knowledge base, and academic organisation as a common ground for scholars to further their individual or joint research. It does so by conducting a keyword analysis and a collaboration analysis, combined with a reference analysis of their academic literature. This paper discusses the most influential references in chronological order and sheds light on the accumulation of knowledge. The results suggest that Responsible Research and Innovation and Responsible Innovation have matured into an increasingly cumulative and interconnected research trajectory following the footsteps of similar, more mature research areas.

ACS Style

Martijn Wiarda; Geerten van de Kaa; Emad Yaghmaei; Neelke Doorn. A comprehensive appraisal of responsible research and innovation: From roots to leaves. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2021, 172, 121053 .

AMA Style

Martijn Wiarda, Geerten van de Kaa, Emad Yaghmaei, Neelke Doorn. A comprehensive appraisal of responsible research and innovation: From roots to leaves. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2021; 172 ():121053.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martijn Wiarda; Geerten van de Kaa; Emad Yaghmaei; Neelke Doorn. 2021. "A comprehensive appraisal of responsible research and innovation: From roots to leaves." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 172, no. : 121053.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2021 in Sustainability
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It is often assumed that climate adaptation policy asks for new responsibility arrangements between central government and citizens, with citizens getting a more prominent role. This prompts the question under which conditions these new responsibility arrangements can be justified as they may raise serious ethical concerns. Without paying due attention to these ethical concerns, climate adaptation policy may be unsuccessful and even be considered illegitimate. This paper aims to address this topic by exploring some examples of climate adaptation responses and their associated ethical challenges. The examples from the water domain differ in terms of their primary beneficiaries and the extent to which they are prone to collective action problems. Discussion of the examples shows that any shift of responsibilities towards citizens should be accompanied by a governmental responsibility to make sure that citizens are indeed able to assume these responsibilities and a responsibility to see to it that the greater involvement of responsibilities does not create disproportional inequalities.

ACS Style

Neelke Doorn; Lieke Brackel; Sara Vermeulen. Distributing Responsibilities for Climate Adaptation: Examples from the Water Domain. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3676 .

AMA Style

Neelke Doorn, Lieke Brackel, Sara Vermeulen. Distributing Responsibilities for Climate Adaptation: Examples from the Water Domain. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neelke Doorn; Lieke Brackel; Sara Vermeulen. 2021. "Distributing Responsibilities for Climate Adaptation: Examples from the Water Domain." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3676.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2020 in Energy Policy
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In future urban energy systems, smart grid systems will be crucial for the integration of renewable energy. However, their deployment has moral implications, for example regarding data privacy, user autonomy, or distribution of responsibilities. ‘Energy justice’ is one of the most comprehensive frameworks to address these implications, but remains limited regarding smart grids, and regarding concrete guidelines for designers and policymakers. In this paper, we fill this gap by answering the following research question: How do design choices in smart grid projects impact energy justice? Thereby, four smart grid pilot projects are evaluated in a comparative qualitative case study research design. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a content analysis. Our findings contribute to the energy justice literature with insights regarding the design for distributive, recognition, and procedural justice. They underscore the importance of fairness in data governance, participatory design, user control and autonomy, technology inclusiveness, and the design for expansion and replication. Future research should explore the feasibility to govern smart grids as commons and the relationship between trust and perceptions of justice. We conclude with policy recommendations for funding future smart grid experiments and for facilitating the implementation of storage through electricity sector regulation.

ACS Style

Christine Milchram; Rolf Künneke; Neelke Doorn; Geerten van de Kaa; Rafaela Hillerbrand. Designing for justice in electricity systems: A comparison of smart grid experiments in the Netherlands. Energy Policy 2020, 147, 111720 .

AMA Style

Christine Milchram, Rolf Künneke, Neelke Doorn, Geerten van de Kaa, Rafaela Hillerbrand. Designing for justice in electricity systems: A comparison of smart grid experiments in the Netherlands. Energy Policy. 2020; 147 ():111720.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Milchram; Rolf Künneke; Neelke Doorn; Geerten van de Kaa; Rafaela Hillerbrand. 2020. "Designing for justice in electricity systems: A comparison of smart grid experiments in the Netherlands." Energy Policy 147, no. : 111720.

Review
Published: 29 September 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Recent years have seen a rise of techniques based on artificial intelligence (AI). With that have also come initiatives for guidance on how to develop “responsible AI” aligned with human and ethical values. Compared to sectors like energy, healthcare, or transportation, the use of AI-based techniques in the water domain is relatively modest. This paper presents a review of current AI applications in the water domain and develops some tentative insights as to what “responsible AI” could mean there. Building on the reviewed literature, four categories of application are identified: modeling, prediction and forecasting, decision support and operational management, and optimization. We also identify three insights pertaining to the water sector in particular: the use of AI techniques in general, and many-objective optimization in particular, that allow for a pluralism of values and changing values; the use of theory-guided data science, which can avoid some of the pitfalls of strictly data-driven models; and the ability to build on experiences with participatory decision-making in the water sector. These insights suggest that the development and application of responsible AI techniques for the water sector should not be left to data scientists alone, but requires concerted effort by water professionals and data scientists working together, complemented with expertise from the social sciences and humanities.

ACS Style

Neelke Doorn. Artificial intelligence in the water domain: Opportunities for responsible use. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 755, 142561 -142561.

AMA Style

Neelke Doorn. Artificial intelligence in the water domain: Opportunities for responsible use. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 755 ():142561-142561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neelke Doorn. 2020. "Artificial intelligence in the water domain: Opportunities for responsible use." Science of The Total Environment 755, no. : 142561-142561.

Research article
Published: 13 August 2020 in International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
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More than any other facet of resilience, social resilience raises the inherent tension within the concept between identity or persistence, and transformation. Is a community the people who make it up, or the geography or physical infrastructure they share? What about the resilience of communities that transform, as a result of a sudden disaster or over time? In this paper, we explore the impact of this tension on how social resilience indicators can be developed and used. Beginning with a close look at the ways in which our concepts of resilience and our use of indicators interact, several points are raised. First, that how we identify a community and frame its resilience conveys particular conceptualisations of resilience, which in turn have normative implications for the communities themselves. In part, this is because of the difficulty in capturing important adaptations and transformative actions within and by those communities. Further, measuring and comparing the resilience of communities, and aspects of quantification that go along with selecting, aggregating and comparing indicator values, ensure that the decisions made about how indicators ought to be used carry normative weight. Through this exploration, we identify several normative implications of choices in indicator design and application. We conclude with recommendations for moving forward with greater transparency and responsibility toward those communities whose social resilience we hope to measure in order to improve.

ACS Style

Samantha Copeland; Tina Comes; Sylvia Bach; Michael Nagenborg; Yannic Schulte; Neelke Doorn. Measuring social resilience: Trade-offs, challenges and opportunities for indicator models in transforming societies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2020, 51, 101799 .

AMA Style

Samantha Copeland, Tina Comes, Sylvia Bach, Michael Nagenborg, Yannic Schulte, Neelke Doorn. Measuring social resilience: Trade-offs, challenges and opportunities for indicator models in transforming societies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2020; 51 ():101799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samantha Copeland; Tina Comes; Sylvia Bach; Michael Nagenborg; Yannic Schulte; Neelke Doorn. 2020. "Measuring social resilience: Trade-offs, challenges and opportunities for indicator models in transforming societies." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 51, no. : 101799.

Journal article
Published: 22 February 2020 in Sustainability
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Standardization can be achieved in multiple ways; firms may join forces and develop standards in standardization committees, they may compete directly on the market in standards battles, or governmental agencies may impose standards. This paper studies criteria for the selection of standards in a situation in which these three forms of standardization occur simultaneously (multi-mode standardization). The paper attempts to arrive at weights for these criteria by applying them to the case of phosphorus recovery from municipal waste water, a technological process that fits the transition to a circular economy but that is still lacking standardization. A contribution is made to the standardization literature by empirically studying the case of multi-mode standardization and by applying standard success criteria to the area of water treatment.

ACS Style

Geerten Van De Kaa; Lieke Van Den Eijnden; Neelke Doorn. Filtering Out Standard Success Criteria in the Case of Multi-Mode Standardization: Responsible Waste Water Treatment. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1641 .

AMA Style

Geerten Van De Kaa, Lieke Van Den Eijnden, Neelke Doorn. Filtering Out Standard Success Criteria in the Case of Multi-Mode Standardization: Responsible Waste Water Treatment. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Geerten Van De Kaa; Lieke Van Den Eijnden; Neelke Doorn. 2020. "Filtering Out Standard Success Criteria in the Case of Multi-Mode Standardization: Responsible Waste Water Treatment." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1641.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2020 in Science and Engineering Ethics
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ACS Style

Neelke Doorn; Colleen Murphy. Introduction to the Symposium on Sabine Roeser’s Risk, Technology, and Moral Emotions. Science and Engineering Ethics 2020, 26, 1887 -1890.

AMA Style

Neelke Doorn, Colleen Murphy. Introduction to the Symposium on Sabine Roeser’s Risk, Technology, and Moral Emotions. Science and Engineering Ethics. 2020; 26 (4):1887-1890.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neelke Doorn; Colleen Murphy. 2020. "Introduction to the Symposium on Sabine Roeser’s Risk, Technology, and Moral Emotions." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 4: 1887-1890.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2020 in Science and Engineering Ethics
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This paper makes a conceptual inquiry into the notion of ‘publics’, and forwards an understanding of this notion that allows more responsible forms of decision-making with regards to technologies that have localized impacts, such as wind parks, hydrogen stations or flood barriers. The outcome of this inquiry is that the acceptability of a decision is to be assessed by a plurality of ‘publics’, including that of a local community. Even though a plurality of ‘publics’ might create competing normative demands, its acknowledgment is necessary to withstand the monopolization of the process of technology appraisal. The paper presents four ways in which such an appropriation of publicness takes place. The creation of dedicated ‘local publics’, in contrast, helps to overcome these problems and allows for more responsible forms of decision-making. We describe ‘local publics’ as those in which stakeholders from the different publics that are related to the process of technology implementation are brought together, and in which concerns and issues from these publics are deliberated upon. The paper will present eight conditions for increasing the effectiveness of such ‘local publics’.

ACS Style

Udo Pesch; Nicole M. A. Huijts; Gunter Bombaerts; Neelke Doorn; Agnieszka Hunka. Creating ‘Local Publics’: Responsibility and Involvement in Decision-Making on Technologies with Local Impacts. Science and Engineering Ethics 2020, 26, 2215 -2234.

AMA Style

Udo Pesch, Nicole M. A. Huijts, Gunter Bombaerts, Neelke Doorn, Agnieszka Hunka. Creating ‘Local Publics’: Responsibility and Involvement in Decision-Making on Technologies with Local Impacts. Science and Engineering Ethics. 2020; 26 (4):2215-2234.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Udo Pesch; Nicole M. A. Huijts; Gunter Bombaerts; Neelke Doorn; Agnieszka Hunka. 2020. "Creating ‘Local Publics’: Responsibility and Involvement in Decision-Making on Technologies with Local Impacts." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 4: 2215-2234.

Articles
Published: 21 November 2019 in Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy
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Climate change is an urgent problem, requiring ways and approaches to address it. Possible solutions are mitigation, adaptation and deployment of geoengineering. In this article we argue that geoengineering gives rise to ethical challenges of its own. Reflecting on these ethical challenges requires approaches that go beyond conventional, quantitative methods of risk assessment. Quantitative methods leave out important ethical considerations such as justice, fairness, autonomy and legitimacy. We argue that emotions and art can play an important role in ethical deliberation about geoengineering. Emotions can point out what morally matters. We also examine the role that works of art can play. Recently, artists have become involved with risky technologies. We argue that such artworks can contribute to emotional-moral reflection and public deliberation on geoengineering, by making abstract problems more concrete, letting us broaden narrow personal perspectives, exploring new scenarios, and challenging our imagination.

ACS Style

Sabine Roeser; Behnam Taebi; Neelke Doorn. Geoengineering the climate and ethical challenges: what we can learn from moral emotions and art. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 2019, 23, 641 -658.

AMA Style

Sabine Roeser, Behnam Taebi, Neelke Doorn. Geoengineering the climate and ethical challenges: what we can learn from moral emotions and art. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 2019; 23 (5):641-658.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sabine Roeser; Behnam Taebi; Neelke Doorn. 2019. "Geoengineering the climate and ethical challenges: what we can learn from moral emotions and art." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23, no. 5: 641-658.

Article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Water Resources Management
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Stakeholder participation is a requirement for environmental decision-making in the European Union. Despite this, numerous instances can be seen in water governance in which stakeholders feel undervalued and unheard, thereby creating unfavourable procedural outcomes, resistance and conflict. In this article, we propose that a process of early-stage deliberation constructed around the values of the stakeholders involved can reduce, and even prevent such conflicts. We suggest that if values that stakeholders perceive as relevant can be identified and discussed as part of the deliberation process then (1) stakeholder preferences can change, and (2) participants can develop a mutual understanding of each other’s values and perspectives. To explore these propositions, facilitated workshops were conducted at two Dutch water institutes, based around the topics of land subsidence and the pharmaceutical contamination of water systems. Participants deliberated on values that they considered relevant. The results suggest that mutual understanding of stakeholders’ perspectives increases as a result of value-based deliberation.

ACS Style

Klara Pigmans; Huib Aldewereld; Virginia Dignum; Neelke Doorn. The Role of Value Deliberation to Improve Stakeholder Participation in Issues of Water Governance. Water Resources Management 2019, 33, 4067 -4085.

AMA Style

Klara Pigmans, Huib Aldewereld, Virginia Dignum, Neelke Doorn. The Role of Value Deliberation to Improve Stakeholder Participation in Issues of Water Governance. Water Resources Management. 2019; 33 (12):4067-4085.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Klara Pigmans; Huib Aldewereld; Virginia Dignum; Neelke Doorn. 2019. "The Role of Value Deliberation to Improve Stakeholder Participation in Issues of Water Governance." Water Resources Management 33, no. 12: 4067-4085.

Perspectives
Published: 02 April 2019 in Journal of Responsible Innovation
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The crowd increasingly plays a key role in facilitating innovations in a variety of sectors, spurred on by IT-developments and the concomitant increase in connectivity. Initiatives in this direction, captured under the umbrella-term ‘crowd-based innovations’ (CBI), offer novel opportunities in all domains of society by increasing the access, reach and speed of services and goods. At the same time, they signify important challenges because these innovations occur in a context of traditional, well-established institutional arrangements. CBI create an ‘institutional void’: existing rules, standards and practices are challenged and renegotiated. This raises questions about the safeguarding of public values such as quality, legitimacy, efficiency and governance of crowd-based innovations. The objective of this perspective piece is to present an interdisciplinary research agenda to address normative challenges for governing CBI. We will argue that such an agenda needs an integrated empirical-normative approach. We will detail three lines of empirical-normative research that together build up towards an interdisciplinary agenda.

ACS Style

Eefje Cuppen; Bram Klievink; Neelke Doorn. Governing crowd-based innovations: an interdisciplinary research agenda. Journal of Responsible Innovation 2019, 6, 232 -239.

AMA Style

Eefje Cuppen, Bram Klievink, Neelke Doorn. Governing crowd-based innovations: an interdisciplinary research agenda. Journal of Responsible Innovation. 2019; 6 (2):232-239.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eefje Cuppen; Bram Klievink; Neelke Doorn. 2019. "Governing crowd-based innovations: an interdisciplinary research agenda." Journal of Responsible Innovation 6, no. 2: 232-239.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2019 in Science and Engineering Ethics
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Moral responsibility is one of the core concepts in engineering ethics and consequently in most engineering ethics education. Yet, despite a growing awareness that engineers should be trained to become more sensitive to cultural differences, most engineering ethics education is still based on Western approaches. In this article, we discuss the notion of responsibility in Confucianism and explore what a Confucian perspective could add to the existing engineering ethics literature. To do so, we analyse the Citicorp case, a widely discussed case in the existing engineering ethics literature, from a Confucian perspective. Our comparison suggests the following. When compared to virtue ethics based on Aristotle, Confucianism focuses primarily on ethical virtues; there is no explicit reference to intellectual virtues. An important difference between Confucianism and most western approaches is that Confucianism does not define clear boundaries of where a person’s responsibility end. It also suggests that the gap between Western and at least one Eastern approach, namely Confucianism, can be bridged. Although there are differences, the Confucian view and a virtue-based Western view on moral responsibility have much in common, which allows for a promising base for culturally inclusive ethics education for engineers.

ACS Style

Shan Jing; Neelke Doorn. Engineers’ Moral Responsibility: A Confucian Perspective. Science and Engineering Ethics 2019, 26, 233 -253.

AMA Style

Shan Jing, Neelke Doorn. Engineers’ Moral Responsibility: A Confucian Perspective. Science and Engineering Ethics. 2019; 26 (1):233-253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shan Jing; Neelke Doorn. 2019. "Engineers’ Moral Responsibility: A Confucian Perspective." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 1: 233-253.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2018 in Applied Energy
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Smart grid systems are considered as key enablers in the transition to more sustainable energy systems. However, debates reflect concerns that they affect social and moral values such as privacy and justice. The energy justice framework has been proposed as a lens to evaluate social and moral aspects of changes in energy systems. This paper seeks to investigate this proposition for smart grid systems by exploring the public debates in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Findings show that smart grids have the potential to effectively address justice issues, for example by facilitating small-scale electricity generation and transparent and reliable billing. It is a matter of debate, however, whether current smart grid designs contribute to cost and energy savings, advance a more equitable and democratic energy system, or reinforce distributive and procedural injustices. The increased use of information and communication technology raises value conflicts on privacy and cyber security, which are related to energy justice. This research contributes by conceptualizing energy justice in the context of smart grids for the first time. The energy justice framework is broadened by including values and value conflicts that pertain directly to the increased use of information and communication technology. For policy makers and designers of smart grids, the paper provides guidance for considering interconnected social and moral values in the design of policies and smart grid technologies.

ACS Style

Christine Milchram; Rafaela Hillerbrand; Geerten van de Kaa; Neelke Doorn; Rolf Künneke. Energy Justice and Smart Grid Systems: Evidence from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Applied Energy 2018, 229, 1244 -1259.

AMA Style

Christine Milchram, Rafaela Hillerbrand, Geerten van de Kaa, Neelke Doorn, Rolf Künneke. Energy Justice and Smart Grid Systems: Evidence from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Applied Energy. 2018; 229 ():1244-1259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Milchram; Rafaela Hillerbrand; Geerten van de Kaa; Neelke Doorn; Rolf Künneke. 2018. "Energy Justice and Smart Grid Systems: Evidence from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom." Applied Energy 229, no. : 1244-1259.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2018 in Energy Policy
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Many energy cases suffer from social opposition. It is increasingly asserted that paying due attention to the moral values involved in controversial energy cases may increase social acceptance. Value-sensitive design (VSD) has been recommended as a promising approach for addressing moral values in controversial energy cases. This paper aims to empirically explore the applicability of VSD in controversial energy cases by investigating the extent to which it is possible to identify the relevant values, norms and design requirements in the Groningen gas controversy (the Netherlands) using values hierarchies. It was found in this case that the relevant values, norms and design requirements could be retrieved, but that two conditions need to be fulfilled to avoid underexposure of relevant values. Firstly, data should be collected using a variety of data sources. Secondly, these sources should be analyzed through both top-down approaches and bottom-up approaches. We find that ‘Safety’ is a critical value in the Groningen case, while other critical values are related to securing ‘Procedural Justice’. Strikingly, the important procedural values ‘Trust’ and ‘Honesty’ did not translate into concrete policies. Policy makers can use values hierarchies to address moral values in energy cases and to translate these values into concrete measures.

ACS Style

Niek Mouter; Auke de Geest; Neelke Doorn. A values-based approach to energy controversies: Value-sensitive design applied to the Groningen gas controversy in the Netherlands. Energy Policy 2018, 122, 639 -648.

AMA Style

Niek Mouter, Auke de Geest, Neelke Doorn. A values-based approach to energy controversies: Value-sensitive design applied to the Groningen gas controversy in the Netherlands. Energy Policy. 2018; 122 ():639-648.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Niek Mouter; Auke de Geest; Neelke Doorn. 2018. "A values-based approach to energy controversies: Value-sensitive design applied to the Groningen gas controversy in the Netherlands." Energy Policy 122, no. : 639-648.

Review
Published: 01 August 2018 in Sustainability
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Smart grid technologies are considered an important enabler in the transition to more sustainable energy systems because they support the integration of rising shares of volatile renewable energy sources into electricity networks. To implement them in a large scale, broad acceptance in societies is crucial. However, a growing body of research has revealed societal concerns with these technologies. To achieve sustainable energy systems, such concerns should be taken into account in the development of smart grid technologies. In this paper, we show that many concerns are related to moral values such as privacy, justice, or trust. We explore the effect of moral values on the acceptance of smart grid technologies. The results of our systematic literature review indicate that moral values can be both driving forces and barriers for smart grid acceptance. We propose that future research striving to understand the role of moral values as factors for social acceptance can benefit from an interdisciplinary approach bridging literature in ethics of technology with technology acceptance models.

ACS Style

Christine Milchram; Geerten Van De Kaa; Neelke Doorn; Rolf Künneke. Moral Values as Factors for Social Acceptance of Smart Grid Technologies. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2703 .

AMA Style

Christine Milchram, Geerten Van De Kaa, Neelke Doorn, Rolf Künneke. Moral Values as Factors for Social Acceptance of Smart Grid Technologies. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (8):2703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Milchram; Geerten Van De Kaa; Neelke Doorn; Rolf Künneke. 2018. "Moral Values as Factors for Social Acceptance of Smart Grid Technologies." Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2703.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2018 in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure
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ACS Style

Neelke Doorn; Paolo Gardoni; Colleen Murphy. A multidisciplinary definition and evaluation of resilience: the role of social justice in defining resilience. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure 2018, 4, 112 -123.

AMA Style

Neelke Doorn, Paolo Gardoni, Colleen Murphy. A multidisciplinary definition and evaluation of resilience: the role of social justice in defining resilience. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure. 2018; 4 (3):112-123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neelke Doorn; Paolo Gardoni; Colleen Murphy. 2018. "A multidisciplinary definition and evaluation of resilience: the role of social justice in defining resilience." Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure 4, no. 3: 112-123.

Prefaces
Published: 05 April 2018 in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure
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Over the past two decades, the attention for resilience has increased dramatically and resilience has become the leading paradigm for considering risks and uncertainty in complex systems. Resilience is now commonly used within a broad range of fields. The concept has not only attracted the attention of academics; decision-makers across disciplines, sectors, and scales, also organize their risk strategies around the idea of resilience as resilience is often thought to lead to a better – that is, a safer and more just – society. However, the alleged link between resilience and justice is controversial. Some scholars argue that the resilience paradigm primarily benefits those people who are already reasonably well-off at the expense of disadvantaged groups. The focus in this special issue is on the relation between resilience, specifically ‘resilient infrastructures’, and social justice. While written from different disciplinary perspectives, all are centered around the question of how resilient infrastructures can contribute to social justice

ACS Style

Neelke Doorn. How can resilient infrastructures contribute to social justice? Preface to the special issue of sustainable and resilient infrastructure on resilience infrastructures and social justice. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure 2018, 4, 99 -102.

AMA Style

Neelke Doorn. How can resilient infrastructures contribute to social justice? Preface to the special issue of sustainable and resilient infrastructure on resilience infrastructures and social justice. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure. 2018; 4 (3):99-102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neelke Doorn. 2018. "How can resilient infrastructures contribute to social justice? Preface to the special issue of sustainable and resilient infrastructure on resilience infrastructures and social justice." Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure 4, no. 3: 99-102.

Book chapter
Published: 05 January 2018 in Handbook of Safety Principles
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The application of safety factors to provide a safety reserve between actual conditions and conditions that are expected to cause an accident or some other type of damage is one of the oldest approaches in engineering to achieve safety under uncertain and variable conditions. Although the safety factor approach is increasingly replaced with probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) as a tool for dimensioning safety measures, comparison of the safety factor approach and PRA shows that these two approaches should be seen as complementary rather than as competitors. In this chapter, we discuss the theoretical assumptions underlying the safety factor approach and illustrate its use with examples from structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, and toxicology.

ACS Style

Neelke Doorn; Sven Ove Hansson. Factors and Margins of Safety. Handbook of Safety Principles 2018, 87 -114.

AMA Style

Neelke Doorn, Sven Ove Hansson. Factors and Margins of Safety. Handbook of Safety Principles. 2018; ():87-114.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neelke Doorn; Sven Ove Hansson. 2018. "Factors and Margins of Safety." Handbook of Safety Principles , no. : 87-114.

Feature article
Published: 02 January 2018 in Ethics, Policy & Environment
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This paper aims to develop a framework for distributing risks. Based on a distinction between risks with reversible losses and risks with irreversible losses, I defend the following composite allocation principle: first, irreversible risks should be allocated on the basis of needs and only after some threshold level has been achieved can the remaining risks distributed in such a way that the total disvalue of these losses is minimized. An important advantage of this allocation framework is that it does not require the aggregation of incommensurable values into one measure.

ACS Style

Neelke Doorn. Distributing Risks: Allocation Principles for Distributing Reversible and Irreversible Losses. Ethics, Policy & Environment 2018, 21, 96 -109.

AMA Style

Neelke Doorn. Distributing Risks: Allocation Principles for Distributing Reversible and Irreversible Losses. Ethics, Policy & Environment. 2018; 21 (1):96-109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neelke Doorn. 2018. "Distributing Risks: Allocation Principles for Distributing Reversible and Irreversible Losses." Ethics, Policy & Environment 21, no. 1: 96-109.