Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of thoracic manual therapy with or without exercise for improving clinical outcomes (pain, disability, range of motion (ROM), quality of life (QoL) and satisfaction) in patients with subacromial pain syndrome (SPS). Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving thoracic manual therapy with or without thoracic exercise for patients with SPS were included. Databases searched included PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to April 2025. The methodological quality was evaluated with the PEDro scale. Results: Seven RCTs involving 393 patients were included. Interventions ranged from thoracic manipulation alone to combinations with exercises. Better outcomes were reported for every clinical outcome evaluated: pain, disability, ROM, QoL and satisfaction. However, methodological heterogeneity and variability in follow-up durations limited result generalizability. Conclusions: Thoracic manual therapy applied in isolation or with exercise was reported to have positive effects in reducing pain and disability in patients with SPS, especially in the short term. These findings support the inclusion of thoracic interventions as complementary strategies in shoulder rehabilitation programs. Future high-quality trials with long-term follow-up are needed to confirm and standardize these approaches.

Objectives: To systematically synthesize existing evidence on functional biomechanical tests of the foot and ankle in physiotherapy and sports, focusing on their outcome measures, compatibility with wearable sensor technologies, and psychometric properties. Methods: We performed a systematic review (PRISMA-guided) of PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, and SPORTDiscus from inception to December 2025. Eligible studies evaluated functional foot/ankle biomechanics in athletes, healthy adults, or adults with musculoskeletal foot/ankle conditions using wearable sensors (e.g., IMUs, wireless pressure insoles). Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and appraised methodological quality using the COSMIN Risk of Bias tool, applying property-specific ratings. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis; findings were narratively synthesized and tabulated. Results: Twenty full texts were reviewed; four studies (n = 83 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Wearable devices included foot- or trunk-mounted IMUs and wireless pressure insoles. Reported outcomes spanned temporal gait events and inner-stance phases, vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and centre-of-pressure trajectories, running step rate/stride length, and jump counts in competition. Validity was most frequently assessed: foot-worn IMUs showed millisecond-level agreement with in-shoe pressure references for stance and inner-stance events; pressure insoles demonstrated acceptable agreement with force plates for vGRF/COP alongside fair-to-excellent test–retest reliability; foot- vs. shank-mounted IMUs provided strong agreement for running step rate and stride length; and competition-based jump detection using IMUs achieved high sensitivity. Across studies, reliability indices were inconsistently reported, measurement error (SEM/MDC) was sparse, and MCID was not reported. The COSMIN appraisal ranged from very good/adequate to inadequate, driven primarily by small sample sizes, non-gold-standard comparators, and incomplete psychometric reporting.