Background and Aim: Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and can lead to irreversible blindness in dogs. Cyclocryotherapy, a cyclodestructive surgical technique, reduces IOP by damaging the ciliary body epithelium to decrease aqueous humor production. Limited data exist on its clinical outcomes and complications in canine patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and post-operative complications of cyclocryotherapy in dogs with primary and secondary glaucoma. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 73 eyes from 58 dogs treated with cyclocryotherapy at Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (2018–2023). The procedure involved applying a double cycle of freezing and thawing using a cryoprobe on 8–10 scleral sites. Evaluations occurred at weeks 1 and 2, then at 1, 3, and 6 months post-operatively. Data collected included IOP, anti-glaucoma medication use, post-operative complications, and vision status. Statistical analyses involved paired t-tests, Chi-square tests, and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Primary glaucoma was present in 40 eyes (54.79%) and secondary glaucoma in 33 eyes (45.21%). Mean pre-operative IOP for primary and secondary glaucoma was 42 ± 36 mmHg and 50.7 ± 14.5 mmHg, respectively, significantly decreasing to 18.3 ± 12.84 mmHg and 14.42 ± 12.06 mmHg at the final follow-up (p < 0.001). The success rate was 83.56%, with 92.30% of eyes preserving vision. Post-operative complications occurred in 50% of cases, primarily conjunctivitis (28.76%). The frequency of anti-glaucoma medication use significantly decreased in both groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Cyclocryotherapy effectively manages canine glaucoma, significantly reducing IOP and medication dependence while preserving vision in most cases. Although complications were noted, they were generally manageable. Prospective studies are recommended to refine treatment protocols and validate these findings. Keywords: cyclocryotherapy, dogs, glaucoma, intraocular pressure, veterinary ophthalmology.

Cataracts cause vision loss in rabbits, often either spontaneously or as secondary to uveitis. This study considers the ophthalmic presentation, treatment, and outcome of phacoemulsification in seven pet rabbits: six presenting with lens cloudiness and one presenting with a white mass in the iris. Ophthalmic examinations revealed cataracts. The treatment plan was phacoemulsification. Encephalitozoon cuniculi was identified via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique performed on all rabbits. Ocular ultrasonography was performed to rule out retinal detachment. Phacoemulsification using the one-handed technique without intraocular lens implantation was performed in 8 of the eyes of the 7 rabbits. After surgery, the corneal wounds healed within 2 weeks. All rabbits were comfortable with opening their eyes and had a positive dazzle reflex and a clear visual axis, with no other severe complications (such as retinal detachment, intraocular hemorrhaging, or uncontrolled glaucoma) throughout the post-operative period. Postoperative complications consisted of corneal edema around the surgical wound (2 eyes; 25%); partial anterior synechiae (1 eye; 12.5%); partial posterior synechiae (5 eyes; 3 eyes before surgery and 2 eyes after surgery; 25%); posterior capsular opacities (3 eyes; 37.5%); and lens fiber overgrowths (2 eyes; 25%). In conclusion, successful phacoemulsification was achieved in the seven pet rabbits.

Objectives: This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of subconjunctival injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating deep corneal ulcers and corneal perforation in cats. Methods: Of the 24 cats identified with a deep corneal ulcer or perforation, 17 received MSCs and medical treatment; among them, six had deep corneal ulcers and 11 had corneal perforations. Of the seven cats that received only medical treatment, three cats had deep corneal ulcers and four cats had corneal perforations. All were monitored with fluorescein staining at 3–4 days and weekly assessments after MSC injection until fluorescein-negative status was achieved. Results: Outcomes were compared between cats treated with subconjunctival MSC injections and MSC-untreated cats. Based on the results, 15/17 (88%) cats treated with MSCs became fluorescein-negative within 1–3 weeks, whereas 2/17 (12%) of those receiving subconjunctival MSC injections achieved this outcome within 5–6 weeks. During the mean follow-up period of 146 ± 138 days (range 15–398) after MSC injection, recurrence of corneal perforations was observed in four cats that were ultimately completely healed. All deep corneal ulcers healed uneventfully. In the MSC-untreated group, 4/7 (57%) achieved fluorescein-negative status within 3–7 weeks, while another 2/7 (29%) experienced recurrent corneal perforation on days 3 and 58, requiring conjunctival graft surgery. Postoperatively, fluorescein-negative status was achieved 25 and 72 days after the initial treatment, respectively. Of the seven cats, one (14%) had recurrent corneal perforation that had healed on day 103. Conclusions and relevance: These findings highlight the potential of MSC therapy in promoting corneal ulcer and corneal perforation healing in cats.

Feline superficial non-healing corneal ulcers are persistent lesions requiring individualized treatment to reduce recurrence. This retrospective study evaluated 136 affected eyes (113 nonrecurrent; 23 recurrent) to identify clinical and treatment-related factors associated with recurrence. Recurrent ulcers were more common in older cats (7.2 ± 4.3 vs. 5.1 ± 4.6 years; p = 0.026). Domestic Shorthairs were the most frequently affected breed (50%), and central ulcer location predominated in both groups. Recurrent cases required more intensive management, with 16.9% needing ≥ 2 treatment courses, compared to 83% of nonrecurrent cases resolving after a single course. Healing time following corneal debridement was longer in recurrent cases (32.3 ± 34.4 vs. 25.5 ± 23.1 days; p = 0.272), and corneal sequestrum occurred more frequently (13.0% vs. 10.6%; p = 0.735). Corneal debridement was the primary treatment modality. Systemic medications were more often used in recurrent cases, notably oral lysine (47.8% vs. 26.5%; p = 0.049) and famciclovir (17.4% vs. 2.6%; p = 0.016). Recurrent cases also showed significantly higher rates of concurrent viral (p < 0.001) and bacterial/fungal infections (p = 0.027). In conclusion, recurrent superficial non-healing corneal ulcers were associated with age and systemic illness, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and management of underlying conditions.

Background and Aim: Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) is an important cause of acute, irreversible blindness in dogs and is frequently accompanied by systemic clinical and biochemical abnormalities. Despite numerous studies describing the disease, no clinically applicable prediction tool has been developed to facilitate early recognition before electroretinographic confirmation. This study aimed to identify demographic, hematological, and biochemical factors associated with SARDS and to develop and internally validate a practical clinical risk score for early identification of affected dogs. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case–control study was conducted using medical records of dogs that underwent electroretinography between January 2018 and December 2023 at the Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Thailand. Fifty-three dogs with electroretinography-confirmed SARDS were compared with 219 breed-frequency-matched cataract patients exhibiting normal electroretinographic responses. Demographic characteristics, complete blood count results, and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed. Variables associated with SARDS in univariable logistic regression (p < 0.20) were entered into multivariable logistic regression using a manual purposeful selection approach. Independent predictors were incorporated into a weighted clinical risk score. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AuROC). Results: Dogs with SARDS exhibited significantly higher neutrophil counts, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, plasma protein concentration, alanine aminotransferase activity, creatinine concentration, and white blood cell counts than control dogs. Multivariable logistic regression identified elevated neutrophil count (odds ratio [OR] = 8.80; p < 0.001), elevated ALP activity (OR = 6.80; p < 0.001), and increased plasma protein concentration (OR = 3.94; p = 0.004) as independent predictors of SARDS. Based on optimal cutoff values (neutrophils ≥10,525 cells/μL, ALP ≥74 U/L, and plasma protein ≥7.3 g/dL), a weighted clinical risk score ranging from 0 to 5 points was developed. A threshold score of ≥3 demonstrated good discriminative ability, with an AuROC of 0.83 (95% confidence interval: 0.76–0.90), sensitivity of 74.47%, and specificity of 79.79%, outperforming each individual laboratory parameter. Conclusion: This study identified readily available hematological and biochemical variables that are independently associated with SARDS and developed the first weighted clinical risk score for early identification of the disease in dogs. The proposed model demonstrated good diagnostic performance and may assist veterinarians in prioritizing dogs for ophthalmic evaluation and electroretinography. Although external validation in independent populations is warranted, this practical scoring system represents a valuable adjunct for improving early clinical suspicion and diagnostic decision-making in canine SARDS. Keywords: alkaline phosphatase, clinical prediction model, dogs, electroretinography, hematology, risk factors, sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome.