Aim: Gold standard as material in vital pulp therapy (VPT) is hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSC). To circumvent their prolonged setting time, light‐cured pulp capping materials containing calcium silicate or calcium hydroxide powder are available. Although their positive biological properties are advertised, the data regarding the biocompatibility of light‐cured pulp capping materials (LCPCM) is inconclusive. This in vitro study compared the biocompatibility of five LCPCM containing calcium silicate (TheraCal LC, ReviCal, MTA PulpCap, Pulprotec MTA) or calcium hydroxide (Calcimol LC) with that of the HCSC Biodentine. Methods: Of each material, 226 cylindrical specimens (51.472 mm ³ ) were prepared and incubated in a sterile cell culture medium (alpha Modified Eagle Medium) for 24 h to obtain an extract. Human dental pulp cells (hDPC) were added to the specimens and/or extracts. Cell viability and changes in cell morphology were examined (MTT, LDH, live‐dead staining, light microscope). Calcium release from the materials (Ca ²⁺ colorimetric assay) and the mineralisation capacity of the cells (Alizarin Red S Staining, Alkaline Phosphatase Assay) were determined. Statistical analysis was performed by anova and the post‐hoc Tukey test ( p < 0.05). Results: Compared to Biodentine, hDPC showed significantly lower cell viability when in contact with LCPCM ( p < 0.05). Further, an inhibition zone around the test bodies or an altered cell morphology was observed. Biodentine showed almost no negative effects on cell viability or cell morphology. In contact with Biodentine, hDPC mineralise with and without mineralisation induction conditions. Among the LCPCM, mineralisation was only detectable under induction conditions with ReViCal and MTA PulpCap. In addition, Biodentine released significantly more calcium ions than the LCPCM ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this in vitro study, LCPCM showed cytotoxic effects on hDPC and were hardly able to induce cell mineralisation. Biodentine showed little negative effects on cell viability, induced cell mineralisation and released more calcium than LCPCM. Biodentine is significantly superior to LCPCM in terms of biocompatibility and mineralisation induction capacity.

Background/Objectives: The objective of this in vitro study was to compare and evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of Endosal, Octenisolv, and Endoxal against intracanal Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: The study sample consisted of 84 extracted single-rooted human teeth, which were divided into seven groups (12 roots in each group): Group 1—Endoxal, Group 2—Octenisolv, Group 3—Endosal, Group 4—15% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Group 5—2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Group 6—0.9% sterile saline solution (NaCl), and one positive control group where no irrigant was used. The roots were sterilized within an autoclave for 30 min at 121 °C and then contaminated with E. faecalis bacteria, after instrumentation and removing the smear layer from canals. The root canals were irrigated using a side-vented needle, and then ISO size 40 H-file was used to obtain fine dentine chips. Aliquots taken from the canals were plated on blood agar broth and the plates were incubated for 36 h. Results: In this study, significant differences were observed between the antimicrobial activity of Endoxal, Octenisolv, Endosal, 2% NaOCl, and sterile saline solution. Conclusions: The compound irrigants Endosal, Endoxal, and a novel irrigant containing disodium edetate and octenidine, which were evaluated in this study, exhibited relatively good antimicrobial properties against Enterococcus faecalis. The use of Endosal, Octenisolv or Endoxal appears promising, yet their clinical efficacy remains to be confirmed through further studies.

Background: This study analysed whether vertical measurements in the maxillary posterior region are more accurate using panoramic radiography (PAN) or cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Corresponding maxillary posterior regions on both PAN and CBCT images were selected and examined for vertical measurements. The vertical distance between the bone crest and the floor of the maxillary sinus was measured. Measurements in edentulous regions were performed using a similar procedure. Additionally, the vertical height of any defect, if present, was measured. Results were evaluated statistically. Results: When comparing corresponding regions on the CBCT and PAN images, 204 patients with a total of 341 measurements (n = 341) met the inclusion criteria. The mean values for all measurements were 7.21 ± 3.74 mm on PAN and 7.62 ± 4.06 mm on CBCT. The mean difference between all paired measurements was −0.41 ± 1.03 mm. Significant differences between PAN and CBCT were observed (p < 0.001). Defects were detected in 58 (17%) of the 341 measurements. The mean defect height was 1.85 ± 1.05 mm on PAN and 1.99 ± 1.00 mm on CBCT. No significant differences were noted between PAN and CBCT (p = 0.052). Conclusions: Although the relationship between vertical height measurements on PAN and CBCT showed a significant difference of −0.41 ± 1.03 mm for all paired measurements, the difference was very small upon closer inspection. Both PAN and CBCT are suitable methods for measuring vertical heights in the posterior maxilla.

Background/Objectives: Evidence regarding the effect of malocclusion on periodontal health is contradictory. This systematic review with meta-analysis seeks to summarize the available scientific evidence on the relationship between malocclusion and periodontal health in children and adolescents. Methods: A review of four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science) was performed. Observational studies were included if they investigated the link between malocclusion and periodontal health in children and adolescents. The quality of the studies included in the review was determined using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). A meta-analysis was conducted on binary outcomes using random-effect models. The Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to determine the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. Results: The initial search yielded 774 potential articles. Nineteen articles were selected for the final qualitative analysis, and four of these were included in the meta-analysis. Certain malocclusion traits appear to be associated with less favorable periodontal health indicators in children and adolescents. Quantitative synthesis restricted to studies using the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) suggests that malpositioned teeth, such as crowding or lack of spacing, and Class II or Class III molar relationships may be associated with a higher odds of gingivitis in individuals under 18 years of age. The overall quality of evidence of the studies was very low, according to the GRADE criteria. Conclusions: Observational cross-sectional evidence of very low certainty suggests an association between certain malocclusions (crowding, lack of spacing, Class II or Class III molar relationships) and increased odds of gingivitis in children and adolescents. Evidence regarding dental plaque accumulation is inconsistent and limited by substantial heterogeneity across studies. Causality cannot be inferred, and further high-quality longitudinal studies are required.

Statement of problem: When providing patients with cover-denture prostheses, even teeth with poor long-term prognosis can serve as abutment teeth. This has a positive psychological effect on patients and makes it easier to adapt them later to a complete denture. Purpose: Aim of the present study was to investigate the survival rate and need for maintenance of cover-denture prostheses. Methods: Data were collected from patient records. Statistical analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, log-rank tests ( P < 0.05), Cox regressions ( P < 0.05), and Non-Parametric Mean Cumulative Function. Results: Two hundred twenty-seven cover-dentures in 204 patients were examined. Mean age was 67 years, mean follow-up time was 3.4 years. 27.75% of prostheses were borne on one abutment tooth, 40.97% on two and 31.28% on three abutment teeth. In 60.4% percent of cases, copings were cast from a precious alloy. The 5-year survival rate for cover-dentures was 64.5%. The most common complication (36.6%) was decementation of a coping. In 30.9% of cases, one or more abutment teeth fractured and in 28.7% of cases one or more abutment teeth were lost. Most common need for maintenance was the removal of pressure points in the prosthesis. In 29.5% of cases, a relining of the cover-dentures was necessary. Conclusion: A cover-denture prosthesis is a suitable therapeutical option for patients with few remaining teeth. The survival rate is comparable to that of other double crown retained removable partial dentures and occurring complications are manageable. Cover-denture prostheses represent an adequate alternative to complete extraction and can be recommended in clinical practice.

Background: Hypoxic and oxidative stress states tightly regulate bone and periodontal remodeling, yet the field lacks an integrated conceptual framework explaining how fluctuating oxygen availability and redox signaling determine anabolic versus catabolic outcomes. Although hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reperfusion injury are individually well-studied, their coordinated role in defining tissue remodeling thresholds remains unclear. Methods: This Perspective synthesizes mechanistic evidence from cellular, molecular, and tissue-level studies on hypoxia, redox biology, perfusion dynamics, osteoimmunology, and bone remodeling. Published data were evaluated to characterize how oxygen tension, ROS generation, and inflammatory signaling interact under mechanical or metabolic stress. A conceptual model (“Hypoxostat Model”) was constructed to describe the regulatory balance between hypoxia-driven catabolism and oxygenation-driven anabolism. Hypothesis: The Hypoxostat Model proposes that tissues operate within a dynamic oxygen-dependent regulatory window. Moderate hypoxia transiently activates HIF-1α, angiogenesis, and osteogenic compensation, whereas deeper or sustained hypoxia collapses perfusion, increases ROS, amplifies IL-1β/TNF-α/IL-17A signaling, and promotes RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Reoxygenation phases trigger additional oxidative bursts, further biasing tissues toward destructive remodeling. Thin periodontal phenotypes exhibit reduced perfusion reserve and increased sensitivity to hypoxia–ROS transitions, lowering their threshold for entry into catabolic remodeling domains. Conclusions: Hypoxia and redox signaling function as a bistable regulatory system controlling bone and periodontal remodeling. The Hypoxostat Model provides a unifying framework linking oxygen tension, ROS dynamics, inflammatory cytokines, and remodeling outcomes. Recognizing hypoxia–reoxygenation behavior as a mechanistic switch may improve prediction of tissue vulnerability and guide therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating redox balance or enhancing local perfusion.