Autoimmune diseases are characterized by immune response dysregulation against self-components, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Vitamin C (VitC), a water-soluble vitamin with established functions in antioxidant defence and collagen synthesis, has also been of interest based on its potential immunomodulatory effects. This review discusses the role of VitC in the course and progression of (A) autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s disease, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, pernicious anaemia, antiphospholipid syndrome), (B) other immune-mediated diseases (Crohn’s disease, periodontitis), and (C) Alzheimer’s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder with autoimmune features. Results from clinical, observational, and experimental trials show that VitC deficiency is common in many of these diseases and may contribute to increased oxidative stress and immune disequilibrium. Supplementation has been associated with improved antioxidant levels, control of inflammatory mediators, and, in some cases, clinical outcomes like disease activity decrease or symptom load. Although findings vary across conditions and few large, randomized trials are available, the overall evidence indicates that maintaining good VitC status can be useful in maintaining immune homeostasis and reducing inflammation. VitC should be viewed as an adjunct to be employed safely, perhaps and ideally within larger treatment regimens, but not in place of effective therapies. Further research, including large-scale clinical trials, will be required to determine more clearly optimal dosing, timing of treatment, and patient population most likely to benefit. By integration of current knowledge, this review recognizes both promise in VitC for treatment of autoimmune/immune-mediated disease and promise in its potential use within future treatment regimens.

Background/Objectives: The objective of this in vitro study was to compare and evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of Endosal, Octenisolv, and Endoxal against intracanal Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: The study sample consisted of 84 extracted single-rooted human teeth, which were divided into seven groups (12 roots in each group): Group 1—Endoxal, Group 2—Octenisolv, Group 3—Endosal, Group 4—15% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Group 5—2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Group 6—0.9% sterile saline solution (NaCl), and one positive control group where no irrigant was used. The roots were sterilized within an autoclave for 30 min at 121 °C and then contaminated with E. faecalis bacteria, after instrumentation and removing the smear layer from canals. The root canals were irrigated using a side-vented needle, and then ISO size 40 H-file was used to obtain fine dentine chips. Aliquots taken from the canals were plated on blood agar broth and the plates were incubated for 36 h. Results: In this study, significant differences were observed between the antimicrobial activity of Endoxal, Octenisolv, Endosal, 2% NaOCl, and sterile saline solution. Conclusions: The compound irrigants Endosal, Endoxal, and a novel irrigant containing disodium edetate and octenidine, which were evaluated in this study, exhibited relatively good antimicrobial properties against Enterococcus faecalis. The use of Endosal, Octenisolv or Endoxal appears promising, yet their clinical efficacy remains to be confirmed through further studies.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the oral mucosa associated with oxidative stress, epithelial degeneration, and persistent T-cell–driven inflammation. Despite numerous therapeutic approaches, disease control and mucosal healing remain challenging. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the biological functions of vitamin C (VitC) relevant to OLP pathogenesis and to evaluate its potential as an adjunctive therapeutic agent. A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify studies exploring the molecular mechanisms of VitC in oxidative stress modulation, epithelial integrity, and immune regulation, as well as clinical and experimental data assessing its therapeutic outcomes in OLP. VitC has various effects relevant to OLP, including scavenging of reactive oxygen species, stabilization of epithelial structures, regulation of apoptosis, and modulation of cytokine expression. Preliminary studies indicate beneficial effects on oxidative balance, inflammation, and tissue repair; however, the evidence is still limited and varies among different study designs and formulations. VitC represents a biologically plausible and safe adjunct in OLP management, acting at multiple pathobiological levels. Further well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish optimal dosing, delivery strategies, and long-term outcomes.

Basic knowledge of tooth anatomy is essential for endodontic success. The most common configuration of the mandibular second molar is the presence of two roots. However, single‐, three‐, four‐, and even five‐rooted forms have also been reported in the literature. The purpose of this study is to present a clinical case of a mandibular second molar with four roots. Morphology was assessed using CBCT examination, which revealed that the patient has bilateral four‐rooted second lower molars—an anomaly that, to our knowledge, is extremely rare in the literature. Awareness and careful diagnosis of such anomalies are crucial to ensure all canals are treated, improving clinical outcomes and preventing treatment failure.