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Various types of organic and inorganic materials are widely examined and applied into the arsenic (As) contaminated soil to stabilize As bioavailability and to enhance soil quality as an amendment. This study deals with two types of amendments: biochar for organic amendment and acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS) for inorganic amendment. Each amendment was applied in two types of As contaminated soils: one showed low contaminated concentration and acid property and the other showed high contaminated concentration and alkali property. In order to comprehensively evaluate the effect of amendments on As contaminated soil, chemical (As bioavailability), biological phytotoxicity (Lactuca sativa), soil respiration activity, dehydrogenase activity, urease activity, ß-glucosidase activity, and acid/alkali phosphomonoesterase activity, an ecological (total bacterial cells and total metagenomics DNA at the phylum level) assessment was conducted. Both amendments increased soil pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which changes the bioavailability of As. In reducing phytotoxicity to As, the AMDS was the most effective regardless of soil types. Although soil enzyme activity results were not consistent with amendments types and soil types, bacterial diversity was increased after amendment application in acid soil. In acid soil, the results of principal component analysis represented that AMDS contributes to improve soil quality through the reduction in As bioavailability and the correction of soil pH from acidic to neutral condition, despite the increases in DOC. However, soil DOC had a negative effect on As bioavailability, phytotoxicity and some enzyme activity in alkali soil. Taken together, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the interaction of chemical, biological, and ecological properties according to soil pH in the decision-making stages for the selection of appropriate soil restoration material.
Min-Suk Kim; Sang-Hwan Lee; Hyun Park; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Evaluation of Two Amendments (Biochar and Acid Mine Drainage Sludge) on Arsenic Contaminated Soil Using Chemical, Biological, and Ecological Assessments. Materials 2021, 14, 4111 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Sang-Hwan Lee, Hyun Park, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Evaluation of Two Amendments (Biochar and Acid Mine Drainage Sludge) on Arsenic Contaminated Soil Using Chemical, Biological, and Ecological Assessments. Materials. 2021; 14 (15):4111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Sang-Hwan Lee; Hyun Park; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2021. "Evaluation of Two Amendments (Biochar and Acid Mine Drainage Sludge) on Arsenic Contaminated Soil Using Chemical, Biological, and Ecological Assessments." Materials 14, no. 15: 4111.
In Korea, for heavy metal-contaminated soil, there are insufficient basic data as well as field application cases for soil washing. This study was conducted to suggest the significant factors and optimal operation conditions for the maximum heavy metal removal efficiency. Five types of washing solution [acid solution (HCl), citric acid, oxalic acid, EDTA, and CaCl2], washing time (10–360 min), and solid-solution ratio (1:2–1:100) were selected as significant operational factors. Non-observed effect concentration (NOEC) and central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were applied to derive the optimal conditions. The soil pH was slightly alkali, and it was highly contaminated by Cd (17.34 mg kg−1), Cu (307.76 mg kg−1), Pb (714.78 mg kg−1), and Zn (1755.47 mg kg−1), complexly. For all heavy metals, CaCl2, a neutral salt, was difficult to achieve the remediation goal. On the other hand, Cd, Cu, and Pb were removed successfully from the soil by acid solution, citric acid, oxalic acid, and EDTA. For Zn, only acid solution and oxalic acid could meet the remediation goal (300 mg kg−1). As the washing time increased, the heavy metal removal efficiency showed a tendency to increase overall. Especially, oxalic acid and acid solution were able to reach the highest efficiency point within 30 min, whereas citric acid and EDTA took 2 to 4 h at the longest. In the case of 1 M citric acid, through the CCRD experiment, optimal operation conditions (solid-solution ratio and washing time) could be deduced for each heavy metal. Furthermore, this series of processes can be utilized as a useful tool to find the optimal operating conditions and, at the same time, achieve the remediation goal.
Min-Suk Kim; Namin Koo; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Sang-Hwan Lee. Effects of Washing Solution, Washing Time, and Solid-Solution Rate on the Maximum Heavy Metals Removal Efficiency. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 6398 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Namin Koo, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Sang-Hwan Lee. Effects of Washing Solution, Washing Time, and Solid-Solution Rate on the Maximum Heavy Metals Removal Efficiency. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (14):6398.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Namin Koo; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Sang-Hwan Lee. 2021. "Effects of Washing Solution, Washing Time, and Solid-Solution Rate on the Maximum Heavy Metals Removal Efficiency." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14: 6398.
In South Korea, most metal mines were abandoned and caused contamination for more than 30 years. Even the soil is highly contaminated with trace elements, plants still grow in the area and can affect the contamination. Phytolith is amorphous silica in the plant body. Phytolith is resistant to decomposition, and the stabilization of carbon, nutrients, and toxic substances accumulated in the phytolith is being studied. In this study, the Gilgok gold mine, which is contaminated with arsenic was selected as the research site. We selected Phragmites japonica and Thelypteris palustris as targets for the analysis of arsenic accumulation in plants and phytolith. Plants accumulate more phytolith at the riverside. The higher water content of soil increased the Arsenic (As) concentration in the frond of the T. palustris. Soil available silicon (Si) did not affect phytolith accumulation but increased As accumulation in the plant and phytolith. The research result showed that P. japonica and T. palustris have the ability to accumulate As in phytolith and the accumulation can be changed with soil characteristics and plant species. This As accumulation in phytolith can affect plant tolerance in contaminated areas and change the As availability in the soil. The result of the research can be used as a database to build a sustainable environment.
Hyun-Gi Min; Min-Suk Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Effect of Soil Characteristics on Arsenic Accumulation in Phytolith of Gramineae (Phragmites japonica) and Fern (Thelypteris palustris) Near the Gilgok Gold Mine. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3421 .
AMA StyleHyun-Gi Min, Min-Suk Kim, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Effect of Soil Characteristics on Arsenic Accumulation in Phytolith of Gramineae (Phragmites japonica) and Fern (Thelypteris palustris) Near the Gilgok Gold Mine. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3421.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyun-Gi Min; Min-Suk Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2021. "Effect of Soil Characteristics on Arsenic Accumulation in Phytolith of Gramineae (Phragmites japonica) and Fern (Thelypteris palustris) Near the Gilgok Gold Mine." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3421.
Biochar application to As-contaminated soil can alter various soil chemical properties, and it can affect available As, plant As uptake, and As phytotoxicity. Increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and P released from biochar affect As behavior in the soil system. In this study, we evaluated the effect of biochar application on the chemical properties of soil and phytotoxicity in Brassica juncea using correlation analysis and partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM). Biochar application increased electrical conductivity (EC), DOC, available P and available As. However, the increased available As did not significantly affect As uptake by B. juncea due to the decrease in the relative ratio and effect of available As with increase in available P derived from biochar. Moreover, biochar application negatively affected soil chemical properties (pH, EC, DOC, available P, and available As) and As uptake by B. juncea. Therefore, correlation analysis and PLS-PM analysis are useful tools to interpret the interactions among influencing factors in the soil-plant system. An approach at the equivalent molecular level rather than concentration should be adopted in future studies.
Min-Suk Kim; Sang-Hwan Lee; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Evaluation of factors affecting arsenic uptake by Brassica juncea in alkali soil after biochar application using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM). Chemosphere 2021, 275, 130095 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Sang-Hwan Lee, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Evaluation of factors affecting arsenic uptake by Brassica juncea in alkali soil after biochar application using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM). Chemosphere. 2021; 275 ():130095.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Sang-Hwan Lee; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2021. "Evaluation of factors affecting arsenic uptake by Brassica juncea in alkali soil after biochar application using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM)." Chemosphere 275, no. : 130095.
For the ammonia generated in Korea, the contribution rate of livestock manure is high, and a large amount of ammonia (NH3) is emitted into the atmosphere during the soil application process. Volatilization of NH3 is affected by soil characteristics as well as manure characteristics, but the current inventory does not sufficiently reflect this. This study was conducted to confirm the change of the NH3 emitted from liquid fertilizer (LF) due to soil pH and to evaluate the impacts of biochar (BC) on the suppression of NH3 volatilization. Estimating the NH3 emission flux using the chamber for 24 soils after LF treatment, it showed a tendency to increase exponentially as the pH in soil increased from 4 to 7. In addition, the parallel treatment of BC and LF increased the soil pH, thereby increasing the NH3 emission flux. The rise of soil pH due to LF treatment is a temporary phenomenon that appears in the early stage, but since NH3 volatilization is also highest at the beginning of LF application, the effect of soil characteristics on emission factor and its inventory should be considered when calculating the amount of NH3 emissions. Therefore, follow-up studies such as subdividing and enhancing the NH3 emission factor by soil characteristics and developing a reduction coefficient to certify the amount of emission reduction are needed.
Min-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Namin Koo; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Response to Ammonia Emission Flux to Different pH Conditions under Biochar and Liquid Fertilizer Application. Agriculture 2021, 11, 136 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Hyun-Gi Min, Namin Koo, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Response to Ammonia Emission Flux to Different pH Conditions under Biochar and Liquid Fertilizer Application. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (2):136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Namin Koo; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2021. "Response to Ammonia Emission Flux to Different pH Conditions under Biochar and Liquid Fertilizer Application." Agriculture 11, no. 2: 136.
Diagnosis of the risk of soil pollution and the performance of measures for the recovery of contaminated soil requires proper monitoring of the extent of soil function damage and its recovery process. Soil enzymes reveal ecosystem perturbations, are sensitive to management choices, and have been used as indicators of biogeochemical cycles, organic matter degradation, and soil remediation processes. Thus, enzymes can indicate, along with other physical or chemical properties, soil quality. In this paper, we review the effects of soil pollutants [toxic trace elements (TTE), and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC)] on enzymatic activities and evaluate the usefulness of soil enzyme’s activity for monitoring recovery processes in contaminated soil. Soil enzymes can be said to be a powerful means of monitoring to properly indicate the degree of deterioration of soil quality caused by soil pollution and to diagnose the process of functional recovery of contaminated soil. Further research is needed to establish the quantitative relationships between the soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activity and the effect of soil remediation on the functional recovery of soil-related to soil quality.
Sang-Hwan Lee; Min-Suk Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Soon-Oh Kim. Use of Soil Enzymes as Indicators for Contaminated Soil Monitoring and Sustainable Management. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8209 .
AMA StyleSang-Hwan Lee, Min-Suk Kim, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Soon-Oh Kim. Use of Soil Enzymes as Indicators for Contaminated Soil Monitoring and Sustainable Management. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8209.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang-Hwan Lee; Min-Suk Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Soon-Oh Kim. 2020. "Use of Soil Enzymes as Indicators for Contaminated Soil Monitoring and Sustainable Management." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8209.
Ammonia (NH3) is an important precursor for particulate secondary aerosol formation. This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of a passive sampler (PAS) for estimating the NH3 emission from chemical fertilizer application (85 kg-N·ha−1) at field scale and to compare the results with a chamber system for the calculation of NH3 emission flux at lab scale. The application of chemical fertilizer increased the ambient NH3 concentration from 7.11 to 16.87 μg·m−3. Also, the ambient NH3 concentration measured by the PAS was found to be highly influenced by not only the chemical fertilizer application but also the weather (temperature and rainfall). Wind rose diagram data can be useful for understanding the distribution of ambient NH3 concentration. In the case of a chamber with few environmental variables, NH3 was emitted very quickly in the early stages and gradually decreased, whereas it was delayed at intervals of about one week at the site. It was found that daily temperature range, atmospheric disturbance by wind and rainfall, changes in soil moisture, and the presence of a flooded water table were the main influencing factors. The PAS data and the chamber system data were observed to have significant differences in spatial-temporal scale. In order to reduce the gap, it seems to be necessary to further develop a chamber system, in order to improve the precision of field analysis and to strengthen the connection between experimental results.
Min-Suk Kim; Namin Koo; Seunghun Hyun; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Comparison of Ammonia Emission Estimation between Passive Sampler and Chamber System in Paddy Soil after Fertilizer Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6387 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Namin Koo, Seunghun Hyun, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Comparison of Ammonia Emission Estimation between Passive Sampler and Chamber System in Paddy Soil after Fertilizer Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (17):6387.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Namin Koo; Seunghun Hyun; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2020. "Comparison of Ammonia Emission Estimation between Passive Sampler and Chamber System in Paddy Soil after Fertilizer Application." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6387.
This study was conducted with the aim of improving the dynamic camber-capture system, which estimates ammonia emissions during the application of liquid fertilizer from livestock manure. We focused on the volume of the chamber and headspace, the height of the solid media, the flow rate of the pump, and the ventilation rate. Total ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3 + NH4+) is an important factor affecting ammonia volatilization. Even though the characteristics of liquid fertilizer were changed, the effect of total ammoniacal nitrogen on ammonia volatilization remained the largest. Increasing the thickness of solid media inside the chamber has the effect of reducing ammonia emission by reducing the contact area between liquid fertilizer and air. Although it is very difficult to measure and control the wind velocity in a chamber using a general vacuum pump, it can be indirectly evaluated through the ventilation rate in the macroscopic aspect. The higher the ventilation rate, the faster the flow of air in the chamber, which is linear with the increase in ammonia emission flux. We find that it may be necessary to improve the steady wind velocity within the chamber and of the linkages to upscale the wind tunnel system.
Min-Suk Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Effects of Thickness of Solid Media, Ventilation Rate, and Chamber Volume on Ammonia Emission from Liquid Fertilizers Using Dynamic Chamber-Capture System (DCS). Agriculture 2020, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Effects of Thickness of Solid Media, Ventilation Rate, and Chamber Volume on Ammonia Emission from Liquid Fertilizers Using Dynamic Chamber-Capture System (DCS). Agriculture. 2020; 10 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2020. "Effects of Thickness of Solid Media, Ventilation Rate, and Chamber Volume on Ammonia Emission from Liquid Fertilizers Using Dynamic Chamber-Capture System (DCS)." Agriculture 10, no. 6: 1.
Indiscriminate overuse of liquid fertilizer and arsenic (As) contaminated soil by abandoned mines is one of the important environmental issues in Korea. This study was carried out to solve these two problems. Amendments (limestone, red mud and acid mine drainage sludge), liquid fertilizer and plant vegetation (Hairy vetch; Vicia villosa Roth) were simultaneously treated. Some soil chemical properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon, inorganic nitrogen content, and bioavailable As), soil respiration and enzyme activity (urease activity and dehydrogenase activity) were determined for chemical and biological assessment. Amendments decreased bioavailable As in soil, and acid mine drainage sludge had the best reduction efficiency in alkali soil. Liquid fertilizer affects not only soil chemical properties but also biological properties. Through multiple regression analysis, the rhizosphere effect through plant cultivation using specific root length index was reflected in the result of soil microbial and enzyme activity. In the reclamation of As-contaminated soil, the synergistic effect of multiple treatments could be confirmed. In particular, biological assessment indicators could be useful when evaluating the complex treatment of various restoration techniques, including the phytoremediation method. Based on these results, a long-term follow-up study on the field scale will be possible.
Min-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Integrating Amendment and Liquid Fertilizer for Aided-Phytostabilization and Its Impacts on Soil Microbiological Properties in Arsenic-Contaminated Soil. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3985 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Hyun-Gi Min, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Integrating Amendment and Liquid Fertilizer for Aided-Phytostabilization and Its Impacts on Soil Microbiological Properties in Arsenic-Contaminated Soil. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (11):3985.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2020. "Integrating Amendment and Liquid Fertilizer for Aided-Phytostabilization and Its Impacts on Soil Microbiological Properties in Arsenic-Contaminated Soil." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11: 3985.
The present study was conducted to ascertain the potential of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of cadmium (Cd) from aqueous solutions. Therefore, Cd adsorption batch tests, using SCGs that had not undergone any chemical pretreatment, were conducted using Cd solutions with a wide concentration range (i.e., 0.1–120 mM) under various adsorption conditions, e.g., ion strength, pH, and solid/solution ratio. For comparison, zeolite, as a well-known common representative adsorbent, was included to determine the adsorption efficiency. The adsorption capacity of the SCGs increased with the decreasing ionic strength of the test solution from 200 to 0 mM of Ca(NO3)2 and the increasing solid:solution ratio from 1:4 to 1:400. The most significant factor influencing the adsorption capacity of the SCGs was the pH of the test solution, with increases in the adsorption capacity as the initial solution pH was increased from 2 to 10. However, the rate for Cd removal remained constant, at 71.19%, when the initial solution pH was between 4 and 8 due to the buffer capacity of SCGs. The obtained data were fitted with the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm provided the best correlation for Cd adsorption onto SCGs (R2 = 0.96) and zeolite (R2 = 0.92), and the maximum Cd adsorption capacity of the SCGs was 19.32 mg g-1, which was higher than that of zeolite (13.91 mg g−1). These results mean that the SCGs can be utilized as alternative low-cost biosorbents to replace conventional adsorption materials.
Min-Suk Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Adsorption Characteristics of Spent Coffee Grounds as an Alternative Adsorbent for Cadmium in Solution. Environments 2020, 7, 24 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Adsorption Characteristics of Spent Coffee Grounds as an Alternative Adsorbent for Cadmium in Solution. Environments. 2020; 7 (4):24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2020. "Adsorption Characteristics of Spent Coffee Grounds as an Alternative Adsorbent for Cadmium in Solution." Environments 7, no. 4: 24.
Arsenic (As) contamination in abandoned mining areas has been of concern in Korea; hence, the reclamation and restoration of these areas must be conducted. Since large contaminated areas have not been restored yet, post management of restoration sites would be insufficient. The aim of this study was to monitor the pollution of environments near the waste dam in mining areas and to assess the fraction and mobility of As. Chemical assessment was conducted using sequential extraction and single extraction methods [Mehlich-3, 1N HCl, the simple bioavailability extraction test (SBET), and the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP)], whereas biological assessment was conducted with a bok choy (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Jusl.) cultivation experiment. The results showed that the waste rock soil, forest soil, and sediments near the dam were contaminated with As. As a result of sequential extraction, most of the As in the soil of the upper part of the dam were observed to be tightly adsorbed (well-crystallized hydrous metal oxides and residual phases), whereas As in the forest soil of the lower part of the dam were observed to be relatively weakly bound (amorphous and poorly-crystallized hydrous metal oxides). These results show that As could be re-dissolved from secondary contaminated forest soil and spread to nearby environments. For the sustainable management of soil environment, an assessment of the fraction and mobility of As coupled with continuous monitoring are required.
Min-Suk Kim; Sang-Hwan Lee; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Assessment of Fraction and Mobility of Arsenic in Soil Near the Mine Waste Dam. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1480 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Sang-Hwan Lee, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Assessment of Fraction and Mobility of Arsenic in Soil Near the Mine Waste Dam. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1480.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Sang-Hwan Lee; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2020. "Assessment of Fraction and Mobility of Arsenic in Soil Near the Mine Waste Dam." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1480.
There is a continuing need for accurate estimates of ammonia emission during livestock liquid fertilizer spreading. The objective of this study was to evaluate and confirm the chamber-capture system for estimating the flux of ammonia from the liquid fertilizer. Using manufactured dynamic chamber-capture system (DCS), artificial liquid fertilizer (ALF), and livestock liquid fertilizer (LLF), the ammonia emission flux (mg m−2 h−1) and total accumulated ammonia emission (mg m−2) were estimated over time. DCS showed stable gas capture and quantitation over a range of 300 to 2500 mg-N L−1 for total ammoniacal nitrogen. Ammonia emission flux directly emitted from the ALF and LLF solution was initially highest and rapidly decreased. When applied to granite weathered soil, both ALF and LLF stabilized faster, resulting in the lower emission flux and total amount. Through 7 days of long-term continuous monitoring, it has been confirmed that ammonia was emitted quickly and a lot in the early stages. These results indicate that DCS could be used for ammonia emission flux studies for identifying the mechanism of ammonia emission by interaction with various characteristics of liquid fertilizer and soil.
Min-Suk Kim; Yun-Sik Lee; Hyun-Gi Min; Jeong-Gyu Kim. Applicability of the dynamic chamber-capture system (DCS) for estimating the flux of ammonia emission during liquid fertilizer spreading. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2020, 11, 723 -729.
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Yun-Sik Lee, Hyun-Gi Min, Jeong-Gyu Kim. Applicability of the dynamic chamber-capture system (DCS) for estimating the flux of ammonia emission during liquid fertilizer spreading. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020; 11 (4):723-729.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Yun-Sik Lee; Hyun-Gi Min; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2020. "Applicability of the dynamic chamber-capture system (DCS) for estimating the flux of ammonia emission during liquid fertilizer spreading." Atmospheric Pollution Research 11, no. 4: 723-729.
In this study, we applied the Denitrification and Decomposition model to predict the greenhouse gas (GHGs; CO2 and N2O) emissions and cabbage yields from 8072 cabbage fields in Korea in the 2020s and 2090s. Model outputs were evaluated as a function of tillage depth (T1, T2, and T3 for 10, 20, and 30 cm) and fertilizer level (F1, F2, and F3 for 100, 200, and 400 kg N ha−1) under the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 climate change scenario. For both time periods, CO2 emissions increased with tillage depth, and N2O emissions were predominantly influenced by the level of applied N-fertilizers. Both cabbage yields and GHGs fluxes were highest when the T3F3 farming practice was applied. Under current conventional farming practices (T1F3), cabbage yield was projected at 64.5 t ha−1 in the 2020s, which was close in magnitude to the predicted cabbage demand. In the 2090s, the predicted cabbage supply by the same practice far exceeded the projected demand at 28.9 t ha−1. Cabbage supply and demand were balanced and GHGs emissions reduced by 19.6% in the 2090s when 94% of the total cabbage farms adopted low carbon-farming practices (e.g., reducing fertilizer level). Our results demonstrate the large potential for Korean cabbage farms to significantly contribute towards the mitigation of GHGs emissions through the adoption of low-carbon farming practices. However, in order to incentivize the shift towards sustainable farming, we advise that lower yield and potential economic losses in farmlands from adopting low-carbon practices should be appropriately compensated by institutional policy.
Wonjae Hwang; Minseok Park; Kijong Cho; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Seunghun Hyun. Mitigation of CO2 and N2O Emission from Cabbage Fields in Korea by Optimizing Tillage Depth and N-Fertilizer Level: DNDC Model Simulation under RCP 8.5 Scenario. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6158 .
AMA StyleWonjae Hwang, Minseok Park, Kijong Cho, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Seunghun Hyun. Mitigation of CO2 and N2O Emission from Cabbage Fields in Korea by Optimizing Tillage Depth and N-Fertilizer Level: DNDC Model Simulation under RCP 8.5 Scenario. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (21):6158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWonjae Hwang; Minseok Park; Kijong Cho; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Seunghun Hyun. 2019. "Mitigation of CO2 and N2O Emission from Cabbage Fields in Korea by Optimizing Tillage Depth and N-Fertilizer Level: DNDC Model Simulation under RCP 8.5 Scenario." Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6158.
As an agrarian nation, Bhutan’s agricultural policies prioritize agricultural subsidies to boost agricultural production, rural incomes, improve food security, and reduce income poverty, especially among the rural poor. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of such policy interventions remains unknown. Based on semi-structured interviews with heads of households from six blocks representing two districts, expert consultation with agricultural policymakers and extension agents, we attempted to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of agricultural subsidy programs including co-payments. The study found that while over 90% of the households received at least one form of subsidy, except for agricultural machineries and piglets, the non-poor population has greater access to the subsidies compared to the poor. For instance, only 35% of the poor received seed and sapling subsidies compared to 52% seeds and 39% sapling subsidies received by the non-poor population. Furthermore, none of the poor received Jersey cow or biogas subsidies due to their inability to co-pay. Additionally, the agriculture machinery subsidy was found to be counterproductive to the lower income groups (
Sonam Wangyel Wang; Belay Manjur; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. Assessing Socio-Economic Impacts of Agricultural Subsidies: A Case Study from Bhutan. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3266 .
AMA StyleSonam Wangyel Wang, Belay Manjur, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Woo-Kyun Lee. Assessing Socio-Economic Impacts of Agricultural Subsidies: A Case Study from Bhutan. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonam Wangyel Wang; Belay Manjur; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2019. "Assessing Socio-Economic Impacts of Agricultural Subsidies: A Case Study from Bhutan." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3266.
Deficiencies in phosphorus (P), an essential factor for plant growth and aided phytostabilization, are commonly observed in soil, especially near mining areas. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of P-based fertilizer types on arsenic (As) extractability and phytotoxicity in As-contaminated soil after stabilizer treatment. Different treatments with respect to the P-releasing characteristics were applied to soil to determine As mobility and phytotoxicity in P-based fertilizers, with bone meal as a slow-releasing P fertilizer and fused superphosphate as a fast-releasing P fertilizer. In addition, P fertilizers were used to enhance plant growth, and two types of iron (Fe)-based stabilizers (steel slang and acid mine drainage sludge) were also used to reduce As mobility in As-contaminated soil under lab-scale conditions. A water-soluble extraction was conducted to determine As and P extractability. A phytotoxicity test using bok choy (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Jusl.) was performed to assess the elongation and accumulation of As and P. Within a single treatment, the As stabilization was higher in steel slag (84%) than in acid mine drainage sludge (27%), and the P supply effect was higher in fused superphosphate (24740%) than in bone meal (160%) compared to the control. However, a large dose of fused superphosphate (2%) increased not only the water-soluble P, but also the water-soluble As, and consequently, increased As uptake by bok choy roots, leading to phytotoxicity. In combined treatments, the tendency towards change was similar to that of the single treatment, but the degree of change was decreased compared to the single treatment, thereby decreasing the risk of phytotoxicity. In particular, the toxicity observed in the fused superphosphate treatments did not appear in the bone meal treatment, but rather the growth enhancement effect appeared. These results indicate that the simultaneous application of bone meal and stabilizers might be proposed and could effectively increase plant growth via the stabilization of As and supplementation with P over the long term.
Min-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Sang-Ryong Lee. Estimating Arsenic Mobility and Phytotoxicity Using Two Different Phosphorous Fertilizer Release Rates in Soil. Agronomy 2019, 9, 111 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Hyun-Gi Min, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Sang-Ryong Lee. Estimating Arsenic Mobility and Phytotoxicity Using Two Different Phosphorous Fertilizer Release Rates in Soil. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (3):111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Sang-Ryong Lee. 2019. "Estimating Arsenic Mobility and Phytotoxicity Using Two Different Phosphorous Fertilizer Release Rates in Soil." Agronomy 9, no. 3: 111.
A common-pool resource (CPR) is a type of good consisting of a natural or human-made resource system. Jeju common ranches are historical CPRs located in Jeju Province where mid-mountainous grassland has been shared for livestock farming by the members of adjacent villages since the 10th century. Because of the recent globalization movement, the number of ranches has decreased from 126 in the 1940s to only 53 in 2015; while the majority of the ranches did not survive the transformation, others have remained active by adopting various solutions. In this study, we analyzed the administrative characteristics of the CPRs to explain their current status (i.e., extinction or continuance as a common property) using logistic regression analysis. From this analysis, four statistically meaningful variables were extracted using a forward stepwise selection method; these include the type of ranch management, ratio of land area to population, number of internal committees in the village, and number of local government grants. These variables correlate well with previously recognized ‘community resilience dimensions’ and can be used to explain the fate of the Jeju common ranches during the study period. This study elucidates what community dimensions should be fortified to promote the resilience of Jeju common ranches in order to effectively cope with the on-going effects of globalization.
Kyungmin Kim; Juhee Kim; Kijong Cho; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Seunghun Hyun. Analysis of the Resilience of Common-Pool Resources during Globalization: The Case of Jeju Common Ranches in Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4346 .
AMA StyleKyungmin Kim, Juhee Kim, Kijong Cho, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Seunghun Hyun. Analysis of the Resilience of Common-Pool Resources during Globalization: The Case of Jeju Common Ranches in Korea. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4346.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyungmin Kim; Juhee Kim; Kijong Cho; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Seunghun Hyun. 2018. "Analysis of the Resilience of Common-Pool Resources during Globalization: The Case of Jeju Common Ranches in Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4346.
When applying an aided phytostabilization in trace-element-contaminated agricultural soil, the cultivation of forage crops instead of edible crops can reduce the trace elements transfer to humans while minimizing the income loss of farmers. The objectives of this study were to compare the effect of the type of forage crops at the “family” level (Poaceae and Leguminosae) on aided phytostabilization using physical (water stable aggregation), chemical (Mehlich-3 extraction), and biological assessments (dehydrogenase activity). Pig manure and acid mine drainage sludge were used as soil amendments, and four plant species (Loliummultiflorum Lam. var. italicum and Secalecereale L. [Poaceae representatives], Viciavillosa Roth, and Trifoliumpratense L. [Leguminosae representatives]) were cultivated after amendment treatments. Chemical assessment showed that the reduction in bioavailability of trace elements was partly observed in legume crops. The positive effects of plant cultivation were determined through physical assessment. The effectiveness of pig manure as an organic amendment was determined by biological assessment. In some treatments, the synergistic effect of the incorporation of chemical stabilization with both plant families was observed but it was difficult to identify a clear distinction between the two families. The translocation of trace elements from root to shoot was low in all plants, indicating that the cultivation of the plants used in this study is safe with regards to the spread of trace elements into the environment. The results suggest that forage crop cultivation in contaminated agricultural soil could ameliorate soil quality after chemical stabilization.
Min-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Sang-Hwan Lee; Jeong-Gyu Kim. A Comparative Study on Poaceae and Leguminosae Forage Crops for Aided Phytostabilization in Trace-Element-Contaminated Soil. Agronomy 2018, 8, 105 .
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Hyun-Gi Min, Sang-Hwan Lee, Jeong-Gyu Kim. A Comparative Study on Poaceae and Leguminosae Forage Crops for Aided Phytostabilization in Trace-Element-Contaminated Soil. Agronomy. 2018; 8 (7):105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Sang-Hwan Lee; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2018. "A Comparative Study on Poaceae and Leguminosae Forage Crops for Aided Phytostabilization in Trace-Element-Contaminated Soil." Agronomy 8, no. 7: 105.
Wonjae Hwang; Yong-Seong Kim; Hyungi Min; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Kijong Cho; Seunghun Hyun. Evaluating the Applicability of the DNDC Model for Estimation of CO2 Emissions from the Paddy Field in Korea. Environmental Biology Research 2017, 35, 13 -20.
AMA StyleWonjae Hwang, Yong-Seong Kim, Hyungi Min, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Kijong Cho, Seunghun Hyun. Evaluating the Applicability of the DNDC Model for Estimation of CO2 Emissions from the Paddy Field in Korea. Environmental Biology Research. 2017; 35 (1):13-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWonjae Hwang; Yong-Seong Kim; Hyungi Min; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Kijong Cho; Seunghun Hyun. 2017. "Evaluating the Applicability of the DNDC Model for Estimation of CO2 Emissions from the Paddy Field in Korea." Environmental Biology Research 35, no. 1: 13-20.
Applicability of cosolvency model for describing the sorption of organic acids to humic substance was investigated by analyzing dataset of sorption (K m) and solubility (S m) of selected solutes (benzoic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP)) as a function of pH(appCME) (apparent pH of liquid phase) and f c (methanol volume fractions). For all solutes, the K m decreased with f c with the K m reduction being less than the S m-based prediction. The slope of log K m-f c plot in the three organic carboxylic acids was well correlated with their cosolvency power, whereas the data of organic phenolic acid (2,4,6-TCP) was placed above the trend, indicating the different actions of functional groups. The occurrence of Ca(2+) bridge between carboxylate and negatively charged humic surface may explain this phenomenon. Normalizing the K m to the corresponding S m (α' = K m/S m) was not in unity over the pH(app)-f c range but decreased with f c, indicating a possible structural modification of sorption domain favoring extra sorption. For a given solute, the α' of neutral species was always greater than that of anionic species, showing that extra interaction will be likely at pH(app)
Minhee Kim; Juhee Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Seunghun Hyun. Factors influencing inapplicability of cosolvency-induced model on organic acid sorption onto humic substance from methanol mixture. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2015, 22, 15745 -15754.
AMA StyleMinhee Kim, Juhee Kim, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Seunghun Hyun. Factors influencing inapplicability of cosolvency-induced model on organic acid sorption onto humic substance from methanol mixture. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015; 22 (20):15745-15754.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinhee Kim; Juhee Kim; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Seunghun Hyun. 2015. "Factors influencing inapplicability of cosolvency-induced model on organic acid sorption onto humic substance from methanol mixture." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 20: 15745-15754.
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) and charred spent coffee grounds (SCG-char) have been widely used to adsorb or to amend heavy metals that contaminate water or soil and their success is usually assessed by chemical analysis. In this work, the effects of SCG and SCG-char on metal-contaminated water and soil were evaluated using chemical and biological assessments; a phytotoxicity test using bok choy (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Jusl.) was conducted for the biological assessment. When SCG and SCG-char were applied to acid mine drainage, the heavy metal concentrations were decreased and the pH was increased. However, for SCG, the phytotoxicity increased because a massive amount of dissolved organic carbon was released from SCG. In contrast, SCG-char did not exhibit this phenomenon because any easily released organic matter was removed during pyrolysis. While the bioavailable heavy metal content decreased in soils treated with SCG or SCG-char, the phytotoxicity only rose after SCG treatment. According to our statistical methodology, bioavailable Pb, Cu and As, as well as the electrical conductivity representing an increase in organic content, affected the phytotoxicity of soil. Therefore, applying SCG during environment remediation requires careful biological assessments and evaluations of the efficiency of this remediation technology.
Min-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Namin Koo; Jeongsik Park; Sang-Hwan Lee; Gwan-In Bak; Jeong-Gyu Kim. The effectiveness of spent coffee grounds and its biochar on the amelioration of heavy metals-contaminated water and soil using chemical and biological assessments. Journal of Environmental Management 2014, 146, 124 -130.
AMA StyleMin-Suk Kim, Hyun-Gi Min, Namin Koo, Jeongsik Park, Sang-Hwan Lee, Gwan-In Bak, Jeong-Gyu Kim. The effectiveness of spent coffee grounds and its biochar on the amelioration of heavy metals-contaminated water and soil using chemical and biological assessments. Journal of Environmental Management. 2014; 146 ():124-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Suk Kim; Hyun-Gi Min; Namin Koo; Jeongsik Park; Sang-Hwan Lee; Gwan-In Bak; Jeong-Gyu Kim. 2014. "The effectiveness of spent coffee grounds and its biochar on the amelioration of heavy metals-contaminated water and soil using chemical and biological assessments." Journal of Environmental Management 146, no. : 124-130.