Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), remains a growing global health concern. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between systemic inflammatory markers and both the presence and severity of DR. Special attention was given to the pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), a novel composite index of immune response, whose association with DR remains underexplored. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 310 patients with T2DM, grouped based on the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale (ICDR): no DR (NDR, n = 100), non-proliferative DR (NPDR, n = 100), and proliferative DR (PDR, n = 110). Clinical and laboratory data—including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (NHR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and PIV—were analyzed. Statistical methods included ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. PDR patients had significantly elevated NLR (p = 0.005), MLR (p < 0.001), NHR (p = 0.016), C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR) (p < 0.001), and PIV (p = 0.002) levels. In NPDR, PLR (p = 0.012) and SII (p = 0.005) were significantly higher than in the other groups. NLR showed the highest predictive performance in ROC analysis (sensitivity: 84.8%), followed by SII (78.1%), PLR (76.2%), and PIV (53.3%). Among patients with T2DM, inflammatory markers—particularly NLR, PLR, SII, and PIV—suggested potential relevance in identifying DR and its progression. PLR and SII may have utility in the early identification of NPDR, while PIV appears to be a potentially valuable inflammatory marker. These cost-effective and easily accessible indices may contribute to the screening and monitoring of DR in clinical settings.

Aim: To compare the orbita anthropometric measurement values of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia with those of a healthy control group. Material and Method: The study included 156 participants as 75 schizophrenia patients and 81 healthy control subjects, all with previous cranial computed tomography imaging. The orbita morphometric values were calculated of all the participants. Statistical comparisons were made between the groups of the mean values of the measurements. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the conformity of continuous variables to normal distribution. Paired groups were compared with the Student’s t-test. Results: Statistically significantly higher left orbita height was determined in the schizophrenia patient group compared to the control group (p=0.001), and the values of the right orbita lateral wall length (p=0.042), left lateral wall length (p=0.033), and left medial wall length (p=0.014) were statisically significantly lower. Female schizophrenia patients were found to have significantly lower values of right orbita height (p=0.031), right orbita width (p=0.022), left orbita height (p=0.007), left orbita width (p=0.002), right orbita area (p

Background and Objectives: In many neurodegenerative diseases, the pathological changes occurring in the central nervous system may be reflected in the periphery. The aim of this study was to examine the possible relationship between the retina, choroid, and nerve fibre layer thicknesses measured on optic coherence tomography (OCT) and the serum microbiota metabolite levels of trimethyl amine-N-oxide (TMAO), S-equol, Indoxyl sulphate (IS), and Maresin 1 (MaR1). Materials and Methods: This study included a total of 60 subjects, comprising 30 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and a control group of 30 healthy individuals. A sociodemographic form was given to all the subjects and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to the schizophrenia patients. The eye fundus was evaluated with OCT. A 5 mL blood sample was taken from the arm of each subject, and the microbiota metabolite levels of TMAO, S-equol, IS, and MaR1 were examined. Results: The retina nerve fibre layer (RNFL) analysis results showed that the RNFL superior (p = 0.016), inferior (p = 0.002), central choroid (p = 0.033), nasal choroid (p = 0.004), temporal choroid (p = 0.038), and TMAO (p = 0.001) values were significantly lower in the schizophrenia patients than in the control group. In the patient group, a significant negative correlation was determined between the RNFL temporal measurements and IS, as well as a significant positive correlation between the central choroid measurement and the nasal choroid and temporal choroid measurements and between the nasal choroid and temporal choroid measurements. A statistically significant positive correlation was seen between S-equol and TMAO. A significant negative correlation was seen between the MaR1 level and age and disease duration. Conclusions: The study results showed that fundus changes are associated with serum microbiota metabolite levels in schizophrenia patients. Therefore, these parameters may be considered potential exploratory biomarkers; however, their clinical applicability requires validation in larger longitudinal studies.