Background/Objectives: Isolated cleft lips and/or palates often require orthognathic treatment. Traditional planning based on 2D images and plaster models limits precision; therefore, virtual surgical planning (VSP) and Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies are increasingly being used. The aim of this scoping review was to analyze the techniques, outcomes, and gaps in research on VSP in orthognathics for patients with isolated (non-syndromic) clefts. Methods: Searches were conducted in July 2025 in seven databases (including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane) without language restrictions, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Of the 2836 records, 36 publications were eligible after deduplication and full-text screening, and their Level of Evidence (LoE) was assessed using the Oxford CEBM scale. A risk of bias assessment was also conducted according to JBI tools. Results: The identified studies primarily comprised LoE III and IV; there were no systematic reviews or randomized controlled trials (LoE I). Descriptions of bimaxillary procedures and LeFort I osteotomies dominated. The most commonly used software was ProPlan CMF, Dolphin 3D, and Rhinoceros, although other tools have emerged in recent years. The available studies suggest that VSP increases translational and rotational accuracy and facilitates individualized treatment, and bimaxillary procedures bring better functional and aesthetic outcomes in patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia. Conclusions: Despite the growing interest in VSP in orthognathics, the scientific evidence is limited and mostly of lower quality. Well-designed prospective studies are needed to assess the long-term stability, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness of modern technologies.

Introduction: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a prevalent, progressive condition affecting the lower-limb venous system. It results from venous valve dysfunction, sustained venous hypertension, and chronic inflammation. Despite advances in diagnostic technologies and therapeutic strategies, CVI remains a significant cause of morbidity and decreased quality of life worldwide. Aim: This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of CVI, highlighting its definition, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and prevention. The review emphasizes evidence-based guidelines and the latest diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, offering an updated perspective on the condition. Methodology: A total of 28 publications were reviewed, consisting of clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, and recent original studies related to CVI. The sources were obtained through PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases, focusing on articles published between 2010 and 2025. Results: CVI typically develops due to venous reflux and microcirculatory dysfunction, leading to symptoms such as edema, skin changes, and ulceration. Duplex ultrasonography is currently the diagnostic gold standard for assessing venous reflux. Advanced imaging techniques, including MR venography, CT venography, infrared thermography, and near-infrared imaging, can improve diagnostic accuracy. Management of CVI involves a multimodal approach, combining compression therapy, pharmacologic treatment, and minimally invasive endovenous techniques. Preventive measures, including weight control, regular physical activity, and consistent use of compression, are crucial to slowing disease progression and reducing the risk of recurrence. Conclusions: CVI remains a significant health and socioeconomic burden globally. Early diagnosis, patient education, and adherence to both conservative and interventional treatments are essential for achieving optimal outcomes. Future directions in CVI management include personalized medicine, digital health integration, and biomarker-driven approaches for earlier detection and targeted therapy.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to intermittent hypoxia, sympathetic nervous system activation, and blood pressure dysregulation. Numerous studies have confirmed the frequent coexistence of OSA and hypertension, making this association a significant clinical and public health concern. The aim of this review was to assess the effect of CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) therapy on blood pressure in different groups of patients with obstructive sleep apnea, based on current scientific data. The review included publications from 2015 to 2025, available in the PubMed database, regarding randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses assessing the effect of CPAP on blood pressure. A total of 15 randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses were included in the analysis. CPAP therapy remains the gold standard for OSA treatment and can be an effective adjunct to blood pressure control, particularly in patients with resistant hypertension. However, treatment effectiveness depends on adherence to recommendations and appropriate patient selection. Further research should focus on assessing the long-term effects of CPAP, identifying patient phenotypes that best respond to therapy, and developing treatment strategies in combination with antihypertensive pharmacotherapy.

Infertility affects 10–12% of couples and growing evidence implicates the reproductive tract microbiome in implantation success. This narrative review synthesizes human studies on the vaginal and uterine (endometrial) microbiota in relation to fertility outcomes and mechanistic markers. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus (2000–30 Oct 2025) for randomized and observational studies reporting implantation, clinical pregnancy, live birth, or relevant biomarkers (e.g., α/β-diversity, inflammatory cytokines, LIF). Data were summarized descriptively due to heterogeneity in sampling, sequencing pipelines, and outcome definitions. Across studies, the uterine cavity is no longer viewed as sterile and typically shows low-biomass, often Lactobacillus-lean communities distinct from the vagina. Dysbiosis—frequently characterized by reduced Lactobacillus dominance and increased anaerobes—has been associated with lower implantation and clinical pregnancy rates and with inflammatory profiles that may suppress LIF. Limited interventional data suggest that targeted therapies (e.g., probiotics or antibiotics followed by probiotics) can restore eubiosis in some patients and may improve implantation, but evidence remains preliminary and at risk of bias. We conclude that microbiome composition is plausibly linked to implantation and early pregnancy outcomes, yet clinical adoption is premature. Standardized sampling, rigorous contamination control, multi-omic profiling, and well-powered randomized trials are needed to define actionable thresholds and therapeutic strategies.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection globally, responsible for a wide spectrum of epithelial lesions ranging from benign warts to invasive malignancies of the cervix, vulva, anus, and oropharynx. More than 200 genotypes have been identified, with low-risk types such as HPV-6 and HPV-11 linked to genital warts, and high-risk types, notably HPV-16 and HPV-18, associated with oncogenic transformation. Transmission occurs primarily through direct sexual contact, although nonsexual and vertical routes have been described. The majority of infections remain asymptomatic and transient, yet persistent infection with high-risk genotypes can lead to neoplastic progression. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, supported by histopathology and molecular HPV DNA detection when indicated. Current management focuses on lesion removal through topical agents (podophyllotoxin, imiquimod, sinecatechins) and ablative or surgical techniques, though recurrence remains frequent. Preventive strategies are central to disease control, with prophylactic HPV vaccination demonstrating remarkable efficacy in reducing infection rates and HPV-related disease burden worldwide. The bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines provide durable protection for at least 10–14 years and are recommended before sexual debut. Expanding global vaccine coverage, combined with continued screening and education, remains vital to reducing HPV-related morbidity and mortality.

Introduction and aim. Obesity, defined by a BMI ≥30 kg/m², is a global epidemic associated with increased mortality rates and an increased prevalence of chronic diseases. Such diseases include type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), besides several mental health disorders. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue, is widely recognized for its efficacy in glycemic control and weight loss and this review aims to explore the pleiotropic effects of liraglutide in obesity-related diseases. Material and methods. Literature search was performed between 2022 and 2024 using the following databases: PubMed (MEDLINE) and Google Scholar. The comprehensive review of the literature focused on the action of liraglutide on NAFLD/ NASH, CVD, mental disorders, and PCOS. A qualitative synthesis of the data focusing on efficacy of liraglutide in obesity-related disease outcomes was performed. Analysis of the literature. Liraglutide improves metabolic outcomes by promoting weight loss, reducing appetite, and improv ing glycemic control. In NAFLD/NASH, liraglutide reduces intrahepatic fat, liver fibrosis, and inflammation that strongly relate to the degree of weight loss. The LEADER trial showed its cardiovascular benefits in terms of reducing all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events in patients with T2DM, although its chronotropic effects may pose risks in patients with heart fail ure. In women with PCOS, liraglutide reduces hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and body weight, and thus has even more favorable effects compared with metformin. Liraglutide also counteracts antipsychotic-induced weight gain and improves metabolic markers in patients with severe mental disorders. Conclusion. Liraglutide demonstrates significant pleiotropic effects apart from weight reduction, including improved hepatic metabolism, cardiovascular protection, and better outcomes in PCOS and mental health. While semaglutide and tirzepatide may offer enhanced efficacy, liraglutide remains a promising therapeutic option for managing obesity and its related comor bidities.