Tramadol, yapıca kodeine benzeyen, sentetik bir opiod olan santral etkili analjeziktir. Analjezik etkisini selektif zayıf µ-opioid reseptör affinitesiyle göstermektedir. Ayrıca gebelerde kullanımı da yaygındır. Akut ve kronik ağrı tedavilerinde sıklıkla tercih edilen bir ilaç olmasına rağmen son zamanlarda kötüye kullanımı da giderek artmaktadır. Tramadol, rahatlatıcı bir etkiye de sahip olup diğer opioidlere göre bağımlılık yapma potansiyeli daha düşüktür. Gebelerde analjezik etkisi nedeniyle yaygın olarak kullanıldığı halde embriyoteratonejitesi hakkında yeterli çalışma yapılmamıştır.

The physical and chemical characteristics of microplastics make it easier for contaminants to adhere to the surface of the particles, acting as a vehicle for toxins to reach organisms after ingestion. The "most microbiome" comprises all the microorganisms present in our bodies as a whole because it has a big surface area and provides nutrient-rich components for the digestive system's germs. In this investigation, metagenome analysis was used to determine the impact of long-term administration of High-Molecular Weight-Polyvinyl Chloride microplastics to young Wistar rats on the gut microbiota. Forty adult rats in total were employed, with 15 first-group and 15 second-group experimental groups and 10 controls. Pellets made specifically for feeding rats are produced. Following the procedure, the rats were anaesthetised with ketamine and xylasine before being dissected. Due to the small number of samples, alpha diversity in the gut metagenome study did not demonstrate statistically significant variations, but it did illustrate differences in bacterial diversity and density. In particular, it has been discovered that bacterial diversity is higher in experimental groups. According to the control groups, in the assay groups, the intestinal microbiome, dominated by Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Lactobacillus, was assessed as an increase in metabolic pathways related to microplastic exposure and pathogenicity in general. The findings demonstrate the necessity for extreme caution in the manufacture and use of plastics that pose a risk to the welfare of living things.

Microplastic particles with a size of less than 5 mm make up a significant component of the plastic pollution in freshwater and the ocean. This study was designed to investigate the effects of eight-week exposure to high-molecular-weight polyvinyl chloride (HMW-PVC) on young rats. A total of 40 rats were divided into two assay groups of 15 rats (Group 1, Group 2, a total of 30 rats) and a control group of 10 rats. The rats in the first and second assay groups were fed with food containing HMW-PVC at rates of 1 and 2% of their weight, respectively. The control group was fed food without HMW-PVC. The rats’ weights were recorded every 15 days. After eight weeks of feeding, the rats’ intestines, kidneys, and livers were removed and underwent histopathological examinations. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of Cyp3A2, Pepck, and Fasn genes in the liver, UT-A1, UT-A2, renin, and Cyp27B1 genes in the kidney, and Muc2, Fabp2, and PepT1 genes in the intestine were determined by using the RT-PCR technique. Our study revealed that rats exposed to microplastic particles exhibited non-significant weight loss and obvious organ degeneration. Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of the examined genes were either elevated or suppressed by regular exposure to high-molecular-weight PVC.

Epilepsi tanısı konulan gebe kadınlar, genel olarak antiepileptik ilaçlarla tedavi edilmektedir. Birinci jenerasyon antiepileptik ilaçlarda çok sayıda çalışma yapılmışken, yeni nesil ilaçlarda bu sayı daha azdır. Bu ilaçlardan biri olan levetirasetamın gebelerde kullanımı oldukça yaygın olmakla beraber, fetüs üzerindeki etkisi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. FDA’ya göre gebelik kategorisi C olarak sınıflandırılan bu ilaç gerekli tüm çalışmalar tamamlanmadığı için yarar-zarar analizi yapılarak kullanılmaktadır.