Tramadol, yapıca kodeine benzeyen, sentetik bir opiod olan santral etkili analjeziktir. Analjezik etkisini selektif zayıf µ-opioid reseptör affinitesiyle göstermektedir. Ayrıca gebelerde kullanımı da yaygındır. Akut ve kronik ağrı tedavilerinde sıklıkla tercih edilen bir ilaç olmasına rağmen son zamanlarda kötüye kullanımı da giderek artmaktadır. Tramadol, rahatlatıcı bir etkiye de sahip olup diğer opioidlere göre bağımlılık yapma potansiyeli daha düşüktür. Gebelerde analjezik etkisi nedeniyle yaygın olarak kullanıldığı halde embriyoteratonejitesi hakkında yeterli çalışma yapılmamıştır.

Cannabis (marijuana) is a widely consumed and frequently abused substance worldwide. Shortly after being ingested, the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contained within it is known to cause effects such as euphoria, relaxation, and alterations in perception. Cannabis use and the accompanying problems are rapidly increasing globally and in our country. This situation creates serious problems in social, economic, and health domains. Cannabis addiction not only reduces individuals' quality of life but also damages family structures and negatively impacts the overall welfare of society. Economically, the efforts and treatment processes to combat cannabis use incur significant costs and result in loss of workforce productivity. Health-wise, it leads to various physical and psychological problems. Preventing cannabis use is crucial for the welfare of our country and the health of our future generations. Therefore, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of cannabis, its pharmacological properties, and the effects it causes in users. This review provides general information on cannabis use, its pharmacological properties, and its effects on users. It is believed that this information can make significant contributions to academic studies aimed at protecting public health and reducing cannabis use

Epilepsi tanısı konulan gebe kadınlar, genel olarak antiepileptik ilaçlarla tedavi edilmektedir. Birinci jenerasyon antiepileptik ilaçlarda çok sayıda çalışma yapılmışken, yeni nesil ilaçlarda bu sayı daha azdır. Bu ilaçlardan biri olan levetirasetamın gebelerde kullanımı oldukça yaygın olmakla beraber, fetüs üzerindeki etkisi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. FDA’ya göre gebelik kategorisi C olarak sınıflandırılan bu ilaç gerekli tüm çalışmalar tamamlanmadığı için yarar-zarar analizi yapılarak kullanılmaktadır.

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and has therapeutic importance in the treatment of Gram-negative aerobic bacterial infections. However, its clinical use is limited by nephrotoxicity, in which oxidative stress plays an important role. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Cyclotrichium niveum, an endemic plant with antioxidant properties, against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Renal injury and protection were assessed using blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine as markers of renal function, malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of oxidative stress, and histopathological evaluation of renal cortical injury. We first characterized the chemical composition of C. niveum essential oil (EO) by GC-MS, identifying pulegone as its major constituent (79.6%). Next, we evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity of EO and isolated pulegone using the DPPH assay. Their protective effects were then examined in vivo at two dose levels each (EO, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day; pulegone, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) in rats receiving gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.m.) for 8 days. Both EO and pulegone exhibited DPPH radical-scavenging activity. Gentamicin induced pronounced renal injury, whereas co-administration of either EO or pulegone provided protection, with more pronounced effects at the higher doses. In particular, gentamicin increased BUN and creatinine 2.74- and 2.37-fold, respectively (p < 0.001 for both), and produced grade 4–5 cortical injury in all histologically evaluated animals. At the higher doses, EO and pulegone reduced BUN by 56% and 64%, respectively (p = 0.042 and p < 0.001), and MDA by 57% and 55%, respectively (p = 0.006 for both). Pulegone additionally reduced creatinine by 39% (p = 0.041). Both treatments significantly improved histopathological injury grade (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008 for EO and pulegone, respectively). Together, these findings demonstrate that C. niveum EO and pulegone attenuate gentamicin-induced renal injury across functional, oxidative, and structural measures, with the strongest protection observed at the higher doses. Their in vitro antioxidant activity and attenuation of lipid peroxidation in vivo support an antioxidant contribution to the nephroprotective response, while the activity of isolated pulegone identifies it as an important bioactive contributor to the protective effects of C. niveum EO.