This study is the first part of a larger investigation into the fire behaviour of green façades. In this study, the currently known international research status on this topic is presented and discussed. In addition, the flammability of green façades is investigated through 43 fire tests on a medium scale according to the SBI (Single Burning Item) test method EN 13823. The focus of the investigation was placed on climbing plants. A total of 25 different plant species were investigated. A comparison of the heat release rate of all the investigated vital plants shows similar behaviour. In the course of exposure, there are short peaks in the heat release rate. These peaks are “flare-ups” that occur when parts of the plants dry out due to exposure to the flame and then ignite. The plant species itself had no substantial influence on fire behaviour. Horizontal fire spread occurred to a very limited extent within the investigations of vital plants. They were self-extinguishing. The significant factor in the assessment of flammability is the moisture content of the plants. With dried plants, an abrupt heat release occurs at the beginning. Dried-out plants, as well as unmaintained plants with a high content of deadwood, represent the most critical case. Graphical Abstract

This study investigates whether timber surfaces that are initially exposed to fire or partially protected timber components can lead to a more critical fire exposure on the façade. Five full-scale fire tests were carried out. Three tests with a square compartment (4.5 × 4.5 m²) and two with a double-width compartment (4.5 × 9 m²). The tests were conducted with a high fire load density (1085 MJ/m²). While the first test was carried out in a non-combustible compartment, the exposed timber surfaces were subsequently increased in the other tests. The measured compartment gas temperature, heat release rate, temperature on the façade, flame heights along the façade, heat flux and velocities along the façade are presented in this publication. The influence of exposed or only initially protected timber surfaces on the fire impact on the façade is investigated with the help of these results. Finally, these findings are presented and compared with the results of other internationally conducted fire tests from literature. Additional structural fire load leads to an increase in temperatures on the façade. However, there is no significant difference in flame height between the tests. Another result was that an exposed mass timber ceiling leads to higher heat fluxes on the façade than an exposed mass timber wall. Graphical Abstract

This study investigates five fire stop variants used to limit the spread of fire on wooden façades. For this purpose, five fire tests using various types of wooden façade claddings and different fire stops were conducted as full-scale tests and compared to the existing findings. The influences and interactions between the material qualities of the external wall behind the façade cladding, the construction type of the wooden façade cladding, the design of the substructure, the depth of the ventilation gap, and the design of the fire stops were investigated. In evaluating the fire stops, the design of the interior corners, the joint design, and the influence of thermal expansion were examined. Finally, design proposals for the design of fire stops at wooden façades in order to limit the spread of fire were derived based on this evaluation. The outlook presents further needs that need to be investigated in the future in order to clarify undiscussed aspects or points that were ultimately not evaluated within the scope of this study. Graphical Abstract

The article focuses on concrete occurrences of work-related psychological stress and the strains of temporary workers. Because of their higher sickness rates and incapacity to work, our research question investigates the specific characteristics of temporary work employees compared to all other employees. We carried out a secondary cross-sectional data analysis of employee surveys from 2006 and 2012 to estimate the risks of poor working conditions and OSH deficiencies for temporary and non-temporary workers. We identify different working conditions and standards of occupational safety and health (OSH) in relation to the employment status and interpret them as a symptom of increasing labour precarity. Along with the decrease in collegiality, management segregation of the workday thus exerts discipline on workers in particular ways. Poor resources of gratification and collegiality together with difficult work-time arrangements, e. g. shift work, become characteristic features of the temporary workforce. These are connected with psychological health restrictions which leads more often to the phenomenon of attending work while ill (so called presenteeism) than its opposite - sickness absenteeism. The article focuses on concrete occurrences of work-related psychological stress and the strains of temporary workers. Because of their higher sickness rates and incapacity to work, our research question investigates the specific characteristics of temporary work employees compared to all other employees. We carried out a secondary cross-sectional data analysis of employee surveys from 2006 and 2012 to estimate the risks of poor working conditions and OSH deficiencies for temporary and non-temporary workers. We identify different working conditions and standards of occupational safety and health (OSH) in relation to the employment status and interpret them as a symptom of increasing labour precarity. Along with the decrease in collegiality, management segregation of the workday thus exerts discipline on workers in particular ways. Poor resources of gratification and collegiality together with difficult work-time arrangements, e. g. shift work, become characteristic features of the temporary workforce. These are connected with psychological health restrictions which leads more often to the phenomenon of attending work while ill (so called presenteeism) than its opposite - sickness absenteeism. The management revue is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary European journal publishing both qualitative and quantitative work as well as purely theoretical papers that advance the study of management, organisation and industrial relations. The management revue publishes articles that contribute to theory from a number of disciplines, including business and public administration, organizational behavior, economics, sociology and psychology. Reviews of books relevant to management and organisation studies are a regular feature. Special issues provide a unique and rich insight into the issue's research field. The journal offers insights into selected research topics by providing potentially controversial perspectives, new theoretical insights, valuable empirical analyses and brief reviews of key publications. The aim is to establish the management revue as a top quality symposium journal for the international academic community. The journal is available online via the Nomos eLibrary, ABI/INFORM Global and JSTOR. The management revue is indexed in the Web of Science™ Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Elesevier's Scopus and the RePEc services IDEAS and EconPapers.