Robotic surgery has become a cornerstone of modern urologic practice, with the da Vinci system maintaining dominance for over two decades. In recent years, however, a new generation of robotic platforms has emerged, introducing greater competition and innovation into the field. These systems aim to address unmet needs through features such as modular architectures, enhanced ergonomics, haptic feedback, and cost-containment strategies. Several platforms—including Hugo™ RAS, Versius™, Avatera™, REVO-I, Hinotori™, Senhance™, KangDuo, MicroHand S, Dexter™, and Toumai^®—have entered clinical use with early results demonstrating perioperative and short-term oncologic outcomes broadly comparable to those of established systems, particularly in procedures such as radical prostatectomy, partial nephrectomy, and radical cystectomy. At the same time, they introduce unique advantages in workflow flexibility, portability, and economic feasibility. Nevertheless, important challenges remain, including the need for rigorous comparative trials, standardized training curricula, and long-term cost-effectiveness analyses. The integration of artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and telesurgery holds the potential to further expand the role of robotics in urology, offering opportunities to enhance precision, improve accessibility, and redefine perioperative care models. This review summarizes the evolving landscape of robotic platforms in urology, highlights their clinical applications and limitations, and outlines future directions for research, training, and global implementation.

Background and Objectives: Aquablation, a robot-assisted, heat-free resection technique, has emerged as a promising minimally invasive surgical therapy (MIST) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Its precision and potential for preservation of sexual function distinguish it from traditional surgical options. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the safety profile of Aquablation, with emphasis on perioperative complications and functional outcomes. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library through June 2025 in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO CRD420251074479). Eligible studies included randomized and non-randomized trials of Aquablation in men with BPH, reporting adverse events by type, frequency, or severity. Risk of bias was assessed with ROB-2 and ROBINS-I tools. Results: Forty-seven studies were included, spanning randomized controlled and prospective observational designs. Most complications were minor (Clavien-Dindo grade 1–2). Bleeding was the most frequent perioperative event, with transfusion required in 1–8% of cases, more often in large prostates. Severe complications (grade ≥ 3) were uncommon and usually related to bleeding or urinary retention. Long-term sequelae such as strictures or bladder neck contracture were rare. Compared with transurethral resection of the prostate, Aquablation yielded lower rates of ejaculatory dysfunction (10% vs. 36%), with continence and erectile function largely preserved. Outcomes were comparable to holmium laser enucleation, but Aquablation demonstrated superior ejaculatory preservation. Conclusions: Aquablation demonstrates a favorable safety profile across prostate sizes, with its greatest advantage being preservation of sexual function. While bleeding remains the principal perioperative concern, life-threatening events are rare. Further independent, long-term comparative studies are warranted.

The use of biomarkers in glomerular diseases has been subject of investigation during the last decades, as it can provide worthwhile evidence in diagnosis, but also, it can guide treatment and give information about prognosis and response. Renal biopsy is still the compulsory technique to establish diagnosis, and also to offer information about the severity of renal damage. However, as an invasive method, it cannot be regularly performed during follow up, so the need to find and establish measurement of molecules, easily collected, which are associated with disease pathogenesis and predict renal function outcome seems very attractive to nephrologists. The renal complications of systemic vasculitis are very important for the outcome of the disease, and several substances and molecules, such as inflammatory cells, autoantibodies, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are produced and may serve as biomarkers to provide useful information for diagnosis, follow up of the disease.