Food security is an immensely complex issue connected to global food production and supply systems. One of the key challenges is to provide sufficient, safe, and nutritionally balanced food for everyone on the planet. It is closely linked to many factors including population growth, poverty, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. Currently, the world population is growing at an unprecedented rate, placing immense pressure on food production systems. Thus, meeting the increasing demand for food presents a significant challenge for the current global agriculture and food systems. The World Food Program reported that over 345 million people faced high levels of food insecurity in 2023. Additionally, 2 billion people are living with micronutrient deficiencies (such as vitamin A, iron, and iodine). Over time, a severely restricted food intake can cause malnutrition and reduce the lifespan. On the other hand, nearly 2 billion adults worldwide are overweight or obese. Global emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic and war zones have complicated the situation and resulted in increased hunger, lower immunity, increased infectious disease, and increased rates of early mortality. Furthermore, climate changes are disrupting traditional growing seasons, increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, and posing a serious threat to crop yields. This scenario warrants adaptation of sustainable and resilient agriculture and food systems is crucial for improved and sustainable food security.

Background/Objectives: The aging population faces a multitude of health challenges, particularly when it comes to maintaining proper nutrition. Age-related physiological changes, such as decreased metabolism, diminished taste perception, and difficulty in chewing, can lead to insufficient nutrient intake, ultimately resulting in malnutrition. It is crucial to address these issues to promote not only physical health but also overall well-being. In this modern era, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, including robots and machine learning algorithms, are being increasingly harnessed to encourage healthy eating habits among older adults. This is critical to support healthy aging and mitigate diet-related chronic diseases. However, little or no synthesis has established their effectiveness in delivering personalized, scalable, and adaptive interventions for older adults. This systematic review considers the state-of-the-art application of AI-based interventions aimed at improving dietary behaviors and nutritional outcomes in older adults. Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and a registered PROSPERO protocol (ID: CRD420241045268), we systematically analyzed 30 studies we collected from five databases, published between 2015 and 2025 based on different AI techniques, including machine learning, natural language processing, and recommender systems. We synthesized data collected from these studies to examine the intervention types, outcomes, and methodological approaches. Results: Findings from our review highlight the potential of AI-based interventions to promote engagement among older adults and improve adherence to healthy eating guidelines. Additionally, we found some challenges related to ethical concerns such as privacy and transparency, and limited evidence of their long-term effectiveness. Conclusions: AI-based interventions offer significant promise in promoting healthy eating among older adults through personalized, adaptive, and scalable interventions. Yet, current evidence is constrained by some methodological limitations and ethical concerns, which calls for future research to design inclusive, evidence-based AI interventions that address the unique physiological, psychological, and social needs of older adults.

Introduction: Lutein+Zeaxanthin (L+Z) are the major constituents of macular pigments of the retina. There is a lack of information on the bioavailability of the two compounds in the presence and absence of omega-3 fatty acids in L+Z supplements which are commonly prescribed to treat macular degeneration. Despite growing interest in L+Z supplementation, there remains a limited understanding of their short-term bioavailability dynamics and the potential added value of omega-3 co-supplementation. This pilot study reports on the bioavailability of serum responses to L+Z supplements in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids and evaluates time-resolved analytical approaches using Area Under the Curve. Subjects/Methods: A total of 10 men and six women with an average age of 31.38 ± 1.27 years participated in this randomised, non-blinded, controlled study for a total of 19 days (7-day wash-out period plus 12-day intervention period). The control group (n = 9) consumed the L+Z supplement (12 mg/d) only, while the intervention group (n = 7) consumed the L+Z supplement along with 900 mg/d of an omega-3 supplement (540 mg EPA + DHA 360 mg). Each group adhered to a comprehensive low-carotenoid and omega-3 diet list (LCOD) for the 7-day wash-out period and the 12-day intervention period. The participants reported the foods they consumed daily in their diet logbooks, online logs, and the ASA 24 diet assessment log over the study period. The body composition of each subject in the two groups was assessed before and after the study using a SECA body composition analyser, and the relative serum L+Z response in both groups was determined using Area Under the Curve (AUC and incremental AUC) by trapezoidal approximation. Results: The mean ± SEM baseline serum lutein+zeaxanthin (L+Z) concentrations measured at the end of the wash-out period (Day 7) were 2.23 ± 0.65 µg/mL in the control group and 1.20 ± 0.53 µg/mL in the intervention group. Following wash-out, serum L+Z concentrations increased in both groups, reaching 2.81 ± 0.90 µg/mL (control) and 2.63 ± 1.21 µg/mL (intervention) at Day 13, and 2.98 ± 0.69 µg/mL (control) and 3.02 µg/mL (intervention) at Day 19. Total exposure assessed by AUC_7–13 and AUC_13–19 did not differ significantly between the groups (p > 0.05). Incremental exposure analyses identified the post-wash-out period as the primary biologically responsive window, with higher mean incremental L+Z bioavailability in the intervention group (4.36 µg/day/mL) compared with the control group (3.00 µg/day/mL), although this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). No significant effect of omega-3 co-supplementation on oxidative stress biomarkers was observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Omega-3 co-supplementation did not demonstrate a consistent additional benefit on L+Z bioavailability or oxidative stress markers. Day-resolved analyses using iAUC revealed temporal patterns not captured by conventional AUC measures. These exploratory findings should be interpreted with caution and confirmed in larger, longer-term studies.

Background: Migration from low- and middle-income to high-income settings is often accompanied by dietary and lifestyle changes that may increase long-term risk of non-communicable diseases. African migrants represent a growing but under-studied population in Australia, with limited evidence on post-migration nutrition transitions and associated chronic disease risk. This study examined changes in diet and lifestyle among Nigerian-born adults before and after migration to Australia and explored any association with chronic diseases. Methods: A pilot cross-sectional study was conducted among adults who migrated from Nigeria to New South Wales, Australia, between 1992 and 2019. Data were collected via a culturally adapted, self-administered online questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, dietary intake, lifestyle behaviours, and self-reported chronic conditions in the 12 months immediately before and after migration. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and proportions) and inferential analyses (Chi-square tests, McNemar test, and the Bowker test) were used to compare pre- and post-migration behaviours and examine associations with chronic disease outcomes. Results: Ninety-three participants completed the survey (mean age 37.0 ± 7.2 years; 50.5% male). Post-migration, regular breakfast consumption declined (−24.3%), while irregular eating (low and moderate) patterns increased (+7.6% and +16.7%). Regular vegetable intake improved (+5.4%), whereas fruit intake remained low (13.0%). Regular consumption of Nigerian local foods decreased markedly (−53.7%), while regular intake of meat (+18.5%), dairy foods, fats (+14.3%), and non-alcoholic beverages increased (+22.8%). Salt use shifted away from the highest-risk category (−22.2%), and smoking and alcohol consumption remained low and stable. Self-reported chronic conditions were uncommon; hypertension (6.5%) and obesity (5.4%) were the most frequently reported. Conclusions: Nigerian migrants in Australia experience substantial post-migration dietary and lifestyle transitions that may elevate long-term chronic disease risk despite a currently low reported disease burden. Early, culturally responsive nutrition and lifestyle interventions are needed to support healthy adaptation and prevent the progression of cardiometabolic conditions in this growing migrant population.

Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the dietary pattern and nutrient intake of in-school adolescents in Bwari Area Council, Abuja-Nigeria.