Cognitive impairment is frequently observed in bipolar disorder (BD). Previous findings indicated that predominant polarity could have an effect on cognitive deficits. This study aimed to examine the association between predominant polarity and cognitive impairments in BD. Euthymic BD patients with manic (MPP, n = 31), depressive (DPP, n = 25), undetermined predominant polarity (UPP, n = 28), and healthy controls (HC, n = 27) participated in the study. A battery of neurocognitive and social cognitive tests was implemented. Neurocognitive domains were identified via principal component analysis. The MPP group performed worse in the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), and Hinting Test (HT) compared to the DPP group and reasoning/problem-solving skills compared to the UPP group. Both MPP and UPP groups showed impairments in processing speed compared to HC. Among patient groups, there was no significant difference in working memory, attention, processing speed, verbal, and visual domain scores. The MPP group had poorer scores compared to controls in most of the social cognitive and neurocognitive domains in the study, while the overall cognitive impairment in the DPP group was relatively milder. Although our sample size was relatively small, the MPP group yielded more severe cognitive impairment in verbal fluency and social cognition tests compared to DPP. Patients with MPP are particularly vulnerable to cognitive impairment, making them a priority for cognitive enhancement interventions. Future studies should focus on the outcomes of cognitive and pharmacological interventions in these polarity subgroups.

We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients presenting to child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinics across different age groups, and to assess the prevalence of polypharmacy along with its associated factors within a clinical sample. A total of 569 patients with complete file data were included in the study. Psychiatric diagnoses were made by a clinician based on the diagnostic criteria stipulated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. A detailed medical history was obtained for each patient, and their age, gender, education level, parents' age and education level, psychiatric diagnoses, and administered treatments were recorded for further analyses. Based on a review of the relationship between complaints at presentation and polypharmacy, irritability was more prevalent among polypharmacy users, while domestic problems were more prevalent in those who did not use polypharmacy. Based on our regression analysis; conduct disorder (CD) diagnosis (B=2.405, Exp [B]=11.079, p<0.001), age (B=0.127, Exp [B]=1.136, p=0.008), and any psychiatric comorbidity (B=4.761, Exp [B]=116.874, p<0.001) were the variables most frequently and significantly associated with polypharmacy independent of other variables. This study's results indicate that the presence of CD, age, and comorbid psychiatric diagnosis significantly increase the risk of polypharmacy. A better understanding of the factors that pave the way toward polypharmacy is critical to reduce unnecessary medication use in children and adolescents.

Forensic psychiatry is an intersection where the fields of law and psychiatry perform joint functions. It is observed that children and adolescents are involved in forensic cases at significant rates both in our country and globally. This study aims to explore the differences between children drawn into crime and victims, as well as the factors influencing recidivism, by evaluating forensic cases over a three-year period. This study evaluated the records of 232 patients, who met the study criteria and had detailed data, from a total of 257 forensic cases seen at the child psychiatry clinic between October 2020 and October 2023. Regression analysis was conducted to identify factors most strongly associated with recidivism. The following variables were found to be significantly related to repeat offending, independent of other factors: parental separation (b=1.607, Exp (b)=4.988, p=0.005), presence of drug use (b=2.255, Exp (b)=9.536, p=0.009), and a history of crime among first-degree relatives (b=3.279, Exp (b)=26.551, p<0.001). No significant differences were observed in psychiatric diagnoses between children with repeat offenses and those undergoing their initial forensic evaluations. Drug use, a history of crime in first-degree relatives, and parental separation were significant factors in the occurrence and continuation of criminal behavior. To address child crime—a pressing social issue—it is essential to investigate the factors contributing to recidivism. Future research should focus on larger, long-term studies that incorporate diverse cultural and regional characteristics to develop more effective prevention and intervention strategies.

Purpose: It is believed that a delay in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder may adversely affect the clinical course and outcome. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between diagnostic delay and clinical variables, as well as neurocognitive and social cognitive disorders Materials and methods: Eighty-four patients with bipolar disorder in remission were included in the study. Participants were evaluated using a neuropsychological battery that assessed verbal memory and learning, visual memory and learning, verbal fluency, attention, processing speed, executive functions, working memory, and social cognition. Results: The duration of undiagnosed illness was longer in patients with bipolar II disorder, those without psychotic features, those with at least one suicide attempt, those whose first episode was depressive, and those currently on antidepressants. A significant positive correlation was found between the duration of undiagnosed illness and scores on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, total number of episodes, hypomanic episodes, depressive episodes, and their respective durations. Conversely, a significant negative correlation was found between the duration of undiagnosed illness and both the number and duration of manic episodes. Conclusion: We found that a delay in diagnosis and treatment was associated with more recurrences in bipolar disorder, an increased number of depressive episodes, and at least one lifetime suicide attempt. However, the association between extended periods of untreated illness and poor clinical and functional outcomes did not align with cognitive impairment.

This study aimed to examine the associations among grazing behavior, emotional eating, and psychological well-being and to identify variables statistically associated with emotional eating among university students. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational design was employed. Data were collected from 540 students between May and July 2025 through face-to-face interviews using a personal information form, the Grazing Questionnaire, the Emotional Eating Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were calculated. Sociodemographic differences were analyzed using independent samples t -tests and 1-way analysis of variance, while relationships between scales were examined with Pearson correlation analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify variables statistically associated with emotional eating. Of the participants, 71.9% (n = 388) were female. On average, students reported low levels of grazing behavior, exhibited emotional eating behaviors, and demonstrated moderate levels of psychological well-being according to scale scores. A significant positive correlation was found between grazing behavior and emotional eating, whereas psychological well-being was significantly negatively correlated with emotional eating. In the regression model, grazing behavior showed the strongest positive association with emotional eating. The model including grazing behavior, psychological well-being, body mass index, and gender explained 36.6% of the variance in total emotional eating scores. These findings suggest that university-based counseling programs, public health initiatives, and psychological support interventions may help address grazing and emotional eating behaviors among students.