Background: Diabetic eye surface disease, including dry eye syndrome, corneal neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, is a common complication of diabetes. Tear fluid biomarkers may aid in early diagnosis and disease monitoring. The objective of this systematic review was to identify and evaluate tear fluid biomarkers in diabetic ocular surface disease according to PRISMA guidelines. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched through June 2025. Eligible studies included clinical and observational studies measuring proteins, lipids, cytokines, trace elements, or nucleic acids in tear fluids in patients with diabetes. Results: The search identified 198 studies, and of those, 30 studies were included, comprising 14 original investigations with 871 participants (133 with type 1 diabetes, 453 with type 2 diabetes, 16 with pre-diabetes, and 269 healthy controls). The main biomarker categories were cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and MMP-9), neuropeptides (substance P, NPY), proteins (IGFBP-3, progranulin), lipids, glycans, microRNAs, circRNAs, and trace elements. Conclusions: More than a dozen biomarkers in the tear fluid have been identified that may reflect diabetes-related changes in the ocular surface. Tear fluid analysis may be a valuable tool in personalizing the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ocular surface diseases, but further studies are needed to confirm its clinical significance.

Introduction
Coffee stands as the second most widely consumed beverage globally, following water.[1] Recent research on the effects of coffee consumption underscores its positive outcomes when adhering to recommended doses—typically ranging from 2 to 5 cups a day, amounting to a maximum of 400 mg of caffeine daily. This newfound perspective highlights the potential benefits of moderate coffee intake on our overall health and well-being. Aim of the study
The objective of this study was to comprehensively review the existing knowledge regarding the impact of coffee consumption on diverse aspects of the gastrointestinal tract.
Materials and methodology
A literature review was conducted utilizing the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google databases. Articles were systematically searched in both English and Polish, employing the keywords: coffee, caffeine, digestive system, digestion, and cancer. Results
Recent research highlights coffee's diverse benefits, aiding digestion, hastening transit, and showing potential in cancer prevention. It stimulates gastric acid, enhances bile and pancreatic secretion, reduces gallstone risk, promotes large intestine movement, and modulates intestinal flora. Importantly, coffee isn't a primary factor in conditions like reflux, ulcers, inflammatory bowel diseases, or cancer. Conclusions
Further research is essential to deepen our understanding of coffee's impact on the digestive system and its systemic effects on the body. Additionally, promoting awareness of safe daily caffeine doses that can contribute to health is worthwhile.

Introduction: The global obesity crisis results from inactive lifestyles and poor diets, increasing the risk of metabolic disorders. Emerging research links obesity with gut microbiome changes influenced by factors like age, genetics, and diet. Gut-brain communication via neural, endocrine, and inflammatory pathways, influenced by microbial compounds, affects nervous system function. Materials and Methods of Research: A thorough literature review was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar, employing keywords related to the gut-brain axis and obesity. Results: Obesity shifts gut microbiota composition due to factors like childbirth method, diet, antibiotics, and environment. This imbalance impacts metabolism, appetite, and insulin sensitivity. Gut microbes influence the brain, regulating energy balance and inflammation. Dysregulated tryptophan metabolism leads to insulin resistance. Gut-brain communication via the vagal nerve affects nutrient metabolism. Hormones like insulin and leptin, along with microbial metabolites, affect lipid metabolism and appetite. Gut microbiota abundance correlates with leptin signaling, and changes in ghrelin levels relate to microbiota composition. Microbial presence affects food cravings. Inflammation in obesity is linked to gut microbiota changes, mediated by bile acids and microbial metabolites. Interventions like probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation offer potential for managing obesity. Emerging therapies like peptide D3 hold promise but require further study. Conclusion: The microbiome-gut-brain axis is vital in obesity, affecting metabolism, inflammation, and appetite. Utilizing interventions such as dietary adjustments and probiotics targeting gut-brain signaling shows promise in managing obesity. Personalized approaches are crucial due to microbiome complexity. Further research is needed to develop effective therapies for the obesity epidemic.

Introduction Fats contained in food are the most concentrated source of energy, fat-soluble vitamins and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EFA). Of the four types of unsaturated acids, three main families have specific biological effects: omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9. Objective of the work The aim of the study was to review the current knowledge about the action and consumption of products rich in EFAs and to present the topic of conscious supplementation with "fashionable" omega acids. Materials and methodology A literature selection was performed from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Articles were searched in English and Polish. Results Most research indicates the beneficial effect of omega acids on the human body. The recommended daily intake of omega fatty acids is a maximum of 3 grams. EFAs have a versatile effect - they have anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects, and support our cardiovascular and autoimmune systems. They have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora and our skin. Conclusions Consumption of products rich in omega acids and their appropriate supplementation bring many health benefits. Nevertheless, the assessment of the effectiveness and safety of the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of various diseases requires further detailed research.

Introduction In the current era of burgeoning industry, our exposure to various detrimental environmental factors, including mercury, has become increasingly prevalent. Recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the most significant threats to public health, mercury induces a multitude of harmful effects on the entire body. Our focus in this article will be directed towards examining the specific impact of mercury on the thyroid. Purpose of the study The purpose of the study was to review the latest literature on the effects of mercury on the thyroid gland. Materials and Methodology Literature selections of medical databases PubMed and Google Scholar from the last six years (2017-2023) were performed. Articles were searched in English using the following key words: mercury, thyroid. Results Research consistently confirms mercury accumulation in thyroid cells, increasing with age. Mercury exposure influences thyroid function, raising the risk of hormonal issues and potential thyroid cancer. It also interacts with other elements, compounding adverse effects on the thyroid. Conclusion Presently, there is a limited number of studies specifically addressing the effects of mercury on the human thyroid gland. Consequently, it is probable that the full spectrum of its impacts on the thyroid has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Further research is imperative to delve into this subject comprehensively. Additionally, there is an urgent call for initiatives aimed at enhancing public awareness regarding the sources of mercury in the environment and food, along with strategies to mitigate exposure to this harmful substance.

Introduction: Yoga combines asanas (postures), pranayamas (breathing exercises), and dhyanas (meditation) to improve physical and mental well-being. It's recognized for its substantial health benefits, safety, and cost-effectiveness, leading to calls for its broader integration into healthcare for its therapeutic and preventative potential. This study aims to explore yoga's multifaceted health benefits across physical, mental, and biochemical aspects to support its integration as a holistic health practice. Material and Methods of Research: A literature search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords related to yoga's health benefits to gather insights into its holistic impacts. Results: Yoga benefits musculoskeletal health, enhancing balance, strength, and reducing fracture risks, and improves respiratory function through practices like pranayama. It positively impacts brain health, aiding in cognitive function and potentially slowing neurodegenerative decline. Yoga also offers mental health benefits, reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety, and has antioxidative effects that combat oxidative stress. Additionally, it supports endocrine function, reduces stress, and has anti-inflammatory effects that bolster immune health. Yoga's influence on metabolic health suggests its potential in managing cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes, highlighting its comprehensive health benefits. Conclusion: This study highlights yoga's comprehensive benefits on physical, mental, and biochemical health, demonstrating its efficacy in enhancing musculoskeletal and respiratory function, combating cognitive decline, reducing mental health issues, and offering antioxidative and anti-inflammatory benefits, underscoring its value in modern holistic healthcare.