Background: Inertial measurement units (IMUs) represent a relatively new and promising method for motion analysis. Their main advantages include small size and portability, combined with the use of advanced technologies. To date, few studies have investigated the application of these devices for proprioception assessment, and none have focused specifically on the elbow joint. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess reliability and validate the protocol of elbow proprioception evaluation using inertial motion sensors. Methods: Twenty healthy participants underwent active and passive proprioception assessments based on joint position sense (JPS). Two researchers independently performed evaluation. The analyzed data was the error of reproduction of joint position (ERJP). IMU (RSQ Motion sensors) were used for angular joint position assessment and validated against Biodex System 4. Results: Inter-rater reliability for passive proprioception was good, with a Kendall’s coefficient of 0.77 (p < 0.05) for both RSQ Motion sensors and BIODEX, while active proprioception measured with RSQ Motion sensors showed slightly lower reliability (Kendall’s coefficient of 0.66, p < 0.05). Intra-rater reliability had similar results, with Kendall’s coefficients of 0.74 for passive BIODEX proprioception examination, 0.75 for passive RSQ Motion sensor testing and 0.65 for active proprioception (p < 0.05) measured with RSQ Motion sensors. The Bland–Altman plot revealed an equal distribution of results, which were within the limits of agreement (LoA). Conclusions: These results suggest proprioception assessment by JPS using inertial motion sensors is reliable and valid. It is an easy to use, light, portable, and inexpensive alternative for proprioception assessment, although further research in diverse clinical settings is needed.

Insomnia is highly prevalent among adults over the age of 60 and is associated with impairments in physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning, as well as an increased risk of cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders. In this population, pharmacological treatment is often limited by adverse effects and concerns regarding long-term safety, leading to growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions, particularly exercise, for the management of insomnia. The objective of this review was to examine the existing evidence on the efficacy of physical activity as an adjunct, non-pharmacological therapy for the treatment of insomnia in individuals aged 60 years and older. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Studies evaluating the effects of physical activity on insomnia and sleep quality in adults aged 60 years and above were considered. Subjective sleep outcomes were primarily assessed using validated instruments, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Evidence from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses consistently demonstrates that physical activity is associated with significant improvements in scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Insomnia Severity Index among older adults. Low-intensity to moderate-intensity exercise performed several times per week over a period of weeks was sufficient to produce meaningful reductions in insomnia symptoms. Various modalities, including resistance training, aerobic exercise, combined exercise programs, walking, and mind-body practices such as tai chi, were shown to be beneficial. Notably, resistance training appeared to yield the greatest improvements in sleep quality in several studies. Overall, exercise represents a safe, accessible, and effective non-pharmacological strategy for improving sleep quality and reducing insomnia symptoms in adults aged 60 years and older. Even modest amounts of regular, low-intensity to moderate-intensity physical activity can lead to clinically significant improvements in both subjective and objective measures of sleep.

Mental health problems among adolescents have risen to unprecedented levels over the past decade. A substantial body of research has explored the relationship between social media use and adolescent well-being. The purpose of this paper is to examine research on social media use and its association with rising rates of depression, anxiety, body dissatisfaction, and suicide among adolescents. Several key themes emerge from the literature, including the negative psychological consequences of increased social media engagement, patterns of social media-related addiction, the role of fear of missing out, experiences of cybervictimization, and the influence of contagion processes. This narrative review examines articles from the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, with particular emphasis on recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and cross-sectional studies investigating how social media use affects adolescents’ mental health and well-being. While social media can provide social support, it may also amplify developmental vulnerabilities. Adolescents face a range of challenges stemming not only from the amount of time they spend on social platforms but also from the nature of the content they encounter. Social media use has been linked to body dissatisfaction, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and elevated suicide risk. The mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear, underscoring the need for longitudinal research examining specific online behaviors and social media platform features, such as algorithms and appearance-focused content. Future work should also explore gender-specific pathways and evaluate interventions, including digital literacy training and emotion-regulation strategies to reduce problematic social media use, and support healthier online engagement among youth.

Subcoracoid impingement (SCI) is one of the possible causes in anterior shoulder pain that can be misdiagnosed or missed. It results from a conflict between the coracoid process and the lesser tuberosity of the humeral head. The collision mainly affects the subscapularis tendon that is at risk of degeneration and tearing. The symptoms arise by positioning the shoulder in flexion, adduction and internal rotation, dynamically decreasing the coracohumeral distance, the most important diagnostic parameter in the SCI. The impingement has been associated with shoulder overuse that may occur in specific sport activities, such as freestyle swimming and overhead throwing. Ultrasound scan, MRI and arthroscopy may help in the identification of pathology. Although not suitable for soft tissue imaging, X-ray may be helpful in detecting bony factors contributing to SCI. The first and main line of treatment is usually conservative, but when it fails, bursectomy followed by mild coracoplasty is a safe and effective method. Patients may also need a repair of the subscapularis tears.

Introduction and objective: Shoulder impingement syndromes are one of the most common causes of shoulder pain in overhead active individuals. Among these, subacromial impingement is the most widely studied. In this paper we focused on less evaluated internal impingement syndrome, which can lead to impaired upper limb function. Our aim was to provide current knowledge about etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this pathology. Review methods: We searched PubMed, BioMedCentral, and ScienceDirect databases with the phrase “internal impingement syndrome“ and “shoulder internal impingement“. Articles published since 2017 (within the last 8 years) were included in this study. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Internal impingement syndrome occurs during the “late cocking” phase of throwing, in which the arm is held in maximal external rotation and abduction. This results in injury to gle noid posterosuperior labrum and partial rotator cuff tears. The base for diagnosis is clinical examination with provocative tests. Physical evaluation should be confirmed by imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound. The first line of treatment is conservative. When this approach fails to succeed, surgery should be considered. In such cases, internal impingement syndrome can be effectively managed operatively by shoulder arthroscopy with repair and debridement of injured structures. Summary: Internal impingement syndrome can be a serious, insidious, and gradual process. Although it has less prevalence than other shoulder sources of pain, clinicians should be aware of its characteristics. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may result in better prognosis and out comes for patients.