Carbon monitoring and carbon measurement are not only important foundations for realizing the marketization of carbon trading, but also a key link in realizing China’s strategic “dual carbon” goal. The aim of this research is to comprehensively summarize and compare carbon monitoring and carbon metering technologies, as well as to analyze their current status and challenges. This study adopts literature research, comparative analysis, case analysis, policy interpretation, and other methods to comprehensively and deeply explore the relevant content of carbon monitoring and carbon metering technology. An in-depth exploration of relevant methods, standards, and applications provides a reference for promoting the sustainable development of global carbon monitoring and carbon metering technologies. By summarizing the difficulties of carbon monitoring and the characteristics of existing technologies, as well as comparing carbon measurement methods and the relevant measurement standards, this paper focuses on the difficulty of carbon monitoring, which lies in the credibility and accuracy of the data, where remote sensing technology possesses higher applicability. The principles of carbon measurement methods mainly include direct underlying data measurements, indirect measurements through statistical modelling, and market mechanism measurements. The relevance and precision of carbon measurement methods have been gradually strengthened as the measurement standards have been developed and implemented. Finally, future development directions and relevant suggestions will be described in detail and put forward in combination with the application of carbon monitoring and carbon measurement. Among them, blockchain technology is considered to be one potential area for future development, and data standardization will play an important role in the development of carbon monitoring and measurement technology. We recommended establishing and perfecting data-sharing mechanisms in future policies to improve the accuracy and credibility of data.

Auxiliary frequency modulation (FM) for coal-fired units has been recognized as a promising approach through multiple batteries, which is due to their rapid charging and discharging characteristics. However, long-period engineering application needs continuous optimization of operational strategies to resist the decay characteristics of the battery, which greatly increases the difficulty of promotion. Hence, two replacement strategies of the battery were first proposed in this work, and they are characterized by simple operation. To test their feasibility, a lead–acid battery was selected as one study example, and the corresponding relationship between the duration day and the replacement scheme was emphatically analyzed, according to the AGC instruction and the self-adjustment capacity of coal-fired units. Results showed that the replacement capacity of the battery is nearly linear in the duration day, while the difference from the discharge depth is negligible in this study. In addition, the capacity ratio of 1.3 to 5 is considered to have the best application potential because of the same duration days between old and new batteries. The commutative replacement can immortally extend the duration day, and obviously, the replacement process of old and new batteries always maintains that two battery groups work. Conclusively, the case analysis for two replacement strategies showed that they deeply lowered the initial capacity of the battery, which can reduce the investment costs. In a word, two replacement strategies for the battery proposed in this study provide a reference for the economic evaluation and optimization of battery use for auxiliary FM.