Preliminary findings suggest a relationship between lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and incidence and severity of COVID-19. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship b...

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies, which increase antitumor immunity of the host and facilitate T-cell-mediated actions against tumors. These medications have been used in recent years as a weapon against advanced stage malignancies, such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, small or non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, they are not free from possible adverse effects (immune-related adverse events—irAEs) that mainly affect skin, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and endocrine systems. Early diagnosis of irAEs is essential to correctly and rapidly manage patients, with ICIs suspension and therapies administration. Deep knowledge of the imaging and clinical patterns of irAEs is the key to promptly rule out other diagnoses. Here, we performed a review of the radiological signs and differential diagnosis, based on the organ involved. The aim of this review is to provide guidance to recognize the most significant radiological findings of the main irAEs, based on incidence, severity, and the role of imaging.

Background/Objectives: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is essential in diagnosing neurological conditions, offering detailed insights into brain pathology. Uremic encephalopathy (UE) is a severe neurological disorder resulting from renal failure, characterized by cognitive impairments and brain abnormalities due to the accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs). Despite extensive research on UTs, there is a significant gap in the detailed characterization of MRI findings in UE patients. This study aims to bridge this gap by conducting a comprehensive literature review of cerebral MRI findings in UE. We hypothesize that specific MRI patterns correlate with the severity and clinical manifestations of UE, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and improving patient outcomes. Methods: A literature review was performed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The search terms included “uremic encephalopathy MRI”, “uremia and kidney failure MRI”, and “toxic and metabolic or acquired encephalopathies MRI”. The inclusion criteria were original articles on UE and MRI findings published in English. Results: Common MRI sequences include T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, and DWI. Frequent MRI findings in UE are cytotoxic and vasogenic brain edema in regions such as the basal ganglia and periventricular white matter. Patterns like the “lentiform fork sign” and basal ganglia involvement are key indicators of UE. Conclusions: MRI plays a crucial role in diagnosing UE by identifying characteristic brain edema and specific patterns. A comprehensive diagnostic approach, incorporating clinical, laboratory, and imaging data, is essential for accurate diagnosis and management. The study calls for larger well-designed cohorts with long-term follow-up to improve the understanding and treatment of UE.

Kidney stones represent a serious medical problem, resulting from several factors such as diet, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Visceral adipose tissue has been shown in recent research to play a significant role in kidney stone formation, making it a more precise indicator than traditional obesity indicators such as body mass index. The main aim of this review is to summarize studies on visceral obesity as a predictive marker for nephrolithiasis and to highlight new mechanistic pathways such as adipokine-mediated inflammation and its impact on kidney stone formation. This review emphasizes the importance of considering visceral fat in the prevention and management of kidney stones, suggesting that targeted strategies to reduce visceral fat could decrease the incidence of kidney stones and their management costs. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and propose preventive strategies based on visceral adiposity assessments.

Subacute combined degeneration (SCD) is a neurological disorder primarily caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. This condition leads to progressive demyelination and axonal damage, predominantly affecting the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SCD, detailing its complex etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation. We highlight the critical role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnostic process, discussing both the characteristic spinal cord findings and the more subtle intracranial abnormalities. Furthermore, we address the diagnostic challenges presented by conditions that mimic SCD in MRI, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We conclude by outlining current treatment pathways and identifying key areas for future research, including the use of advanced neuroimaging techniques and the potential for new therapeutic approaches. This updated synthesis aims to provide a clear framework for clinicians and researchers to better understand and manage SCD.

Recent advancements in understanding clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have underscored the critical role of the BAP1 gene in its pathogenesis and prognosis. While the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) mutation has been extensively studied, emerging evidence suggests that mutations in BAP1 and other genes significantly impact patient outcomes. Radiogenomics with and without texture analysis based on CT imaging holds promise in predicting BAP1 mutation status and overall survival outcomes. However, prospective studies with larger cohorts and standardized imaging protocols are needed to validate these findings and translate them into clinical practice effectively, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies in ccRCC. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the role of BAP1 mutation in ccRCC pathogenesis and prognosis, as well as the potential of radiogenomics in predicting mutation status and clinical outcomes.