The preparation of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) has been performed through a ‘green’ procedure by utilizing the aqueous flowering shoots of Allium giganteum extract at room temperature. The UV-visible spectrum of Ag-NPs has exhibited an absorbance band at 450 nm. The produced Ag-NPs, in 1.0 mM concentration of AgNO₃, have resulted in the fabrication of spherically shaped nanoparticles with a diameter range of 4.0–35 nm. It has been indicated by the PXRD pattern of Ag-NPs that the bioprepared nanoparticles were crystallized in the fcc crystal construction. Moreover, the green synthesized Ag-NPs seemed to demonstrate a higher antibacterial activity in opposition to pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), while displaying high toxicity towards cancerous cells (Neuro2A). In accordance to the photocatalytic activity of bioprepared silver nanoparticles, methylene blue (MB) has been perceived to efficiently decrease under UV-lump in the presence of biosynthesized Ag-NPs.

Among scaffolds used in tissue engineering, natural biomaterials such as plant-based materials show a crucial role in cellular function due to their biocompatibility and chemical indicators. Because of environmentally friendly behavior and safety, green methods are so important in designing scaffolds. A key bioactive flavonoid of the Epimedium plant, Icariin (ICRN), has a broad range of applications in improving scaffolds as a constant and non-immunogenic material, and in stimulating the cell growth, differentiation of chondrocytes as well as differentiation of embryonic stem cells towards cardiomyocytes. Moreover, fusion of ICRN into the hydrogel scaffolds or chemical crosslinking can enhance the secretion of the collagen matrix and proteoglycan in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. To scrutinize, in various types of cancer cells, ICRN plays a decisive role through increasing cytochrome c secretion, Bax/Bcl2 ratio, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase as well as caspase stimulations. Surprisingly, ICRN can induce apoptosis, reduce viability and inhibit proliferation of cancer cells, and repress tumorigenesis as well as metastasis. Moreover, cancer cells no longer grow by halting the cell cycle at two checkpoints, G0/G1 and G2/M, through the inhibition of NF-κB by ICRN. Besides, improving nephrotoxicity occurring due to cisplatin and inhibiting multidrug resistance are the other applications of this biomaterial.

Lead oxide (PbO) is known as an important industrial material. It is a semiconductor that has two crystalline forms, litharge (tetragonal crystalline structure) and massicot (orthorhombic crystalline structure). In this research, lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO-NPs) have been synthesized through the utilization of gelatin as a stabilizer, while its cytotoxic effects were investigated on Neueo2A cancer cell line. The generation of PbO-NPs was confirmed by the UV-Vis spectroscopy, PXRD, TG-DTA, EDX, and FESEM. The results of diffraction patterns of synthesized nanoparticles show the formation of both form α-PbO-NPs (tetragonal) and β-PbO-NPs (orthorhombic). The particles size of synthesized PbO-NPs was calculated to be around 10–20 nm. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized PbO-NPs indicated that concentrations under 30 μg/mL have insignificant toxicity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute toxic potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) synthesized by pullulan in adult male Wistar rats. Patients and methods: Thirty male Wistar rats randomly were divided into five experimental groups of six animals each. The animals were received 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg CNPs for 14 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized and histopathological evaluation of the liver and renal tissues, as well ass, the markers of serum oxidative stress including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total sulfhydryl content, and antioxidant capacity (using ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay) were assessed. Hematological parameters and the activity of liver function enzymes were also measured. Results: The results of this study showed that CNPs caused no significant changes in the activity of liver enzymes, hepatic and renal histopathology and hematological parameters, while significantly improved serum redox status. Conclusion: Acute administration of pullulan-mediated CNPs is safe and possess antioxidant activity.