To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with Mooren's ulcer in the Korean population, and to identify the risk factors that affect the therapeutic outcome.

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance for the treatment of consecutive esotropia.Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 49 subjects with consecutive esotropia who received botulinum toxin injection in the medial rectus muscles without the use of electromyographic guidance. Treatment was considered successful if the final ocular alignment was orthotropic or esodeviation was ≤10 prism diopters (PD) during distant fixation.Results: The mean age was 15.2 ± 8.3 years. The mean esodeviation before injection was 21.8 ± 9.1 PD at distance and 21.3 ± 8.3 PD at near. The mean number of injections per patient was 1.3 ± 0.7, and 46 patients (93.9%) received two or fewer injections. At 6 months after the final injection, the mean angle of esodeviation was 7.3 ± 6.0 PD at distance and 7.5 ± 6.6 PD at near (all p<0.001), and 69.4% showed successful alignment. By multivariate analysis, an initial postoperative esodeviation of ≤18 PD at one month after exotropia surgery was considered to be a predictive factor for successful botulinum toxin injection (P= 0.007). Vertical deviation and/or ptosis occurred in 4 patients (8.2%) at two weeks after injection, which all resolved within three months. There was no recurrence of exotropia up to the final follow-up examination.Conclusion: Botulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance is safe and effective in the treatment of consecutive esotropia without causing recurrent exotropia. Successful botulinum toxin injection is likely in patients with an initial postoperative esodeviation of 18PD or less at one month after exotropia surgery.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of topical dopamine administration in inhibiting form deprivation (FD) myopia in a rabbit model. Methods: A total of 16 neonatal New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group and a dopamine treatment group. FD myopia was induced in both groups by applying a light diffuser to one eye. The dopamine group received daily topical instillations of 4% dopamine in the eye with FD myopia, while the control group received normal saline instillations over a four-week period. Axial length measurements were taken to assess the degree of myopia, and histological analysis was performed to evaluate retinal safety and structural integrity. Results: The results indicated that dopamine treatment significantly inhibited axial elongation of the FD eyes compared to the control group, with measurements of 15.07 ± 0.34 mm for the dopamine group versus 15.63 ± 0.33 mm for the control group (p = 0.015). Histological analysis showed no evidence of structural alterations or apoptosis in the retina, confirming the safety of topical dopamine. Conclusions: Topical dopamine appears to be a promising therapeutic approach for controlling the progression of myopia in a rabbit model, demonstrating significant efficacy in reducing axial elongation without inducing ocular toxicity. These findings highlight the potential of dopamine in managing myopia and warrant further investigation in clinical settings.

Background: To determine the long-term surgical outcomes of preoperative prism adaptation test (PAT) in patients with partially accommodative esotropia. Methods: PAT was performed for the remaining esotropia after full correction of hyperopia. Prism adaptation (PA) responders were defined as patients with stable esodeviation between 0 and 8 prism diopters (PD) while developing sensory fusion throughout the prism adaptation period. Surgical success was defined as a deviation within 8 PD of both the far and near deviation angles at the last follow-up examination. Results: Of the 102 patients, 43 (42.2%) were PA responders, and 59 were PA non-responders (57.8%). After a mean follow-up duration of 6 years after surgery, the surgical success rate was significantly higher in PA responders (76.7% vs. 54.2%, p = 0.023). By multivariate analysis, good stereoacuity at near before surgery significantly correlated with successful outcomes after surgery (p = 0.001, β = 4.466). The risk factors of undercorrection were preoperative esotropia >35 PD (OR 3.067, p = 0.041), and preoperative hyperopia >+5.25 diopters (OR 3.099, p = 0.049). Among undercorrected patients, the annual decrease of esodeviation was significantly greater in PA responders (p = 0.043). Conclusions: PA responders showed a better long-term success rate than in PA nonresponders. Patients with high hyperopia and large esotropia had a higher risk of undercorrection. Undercorrected patients eventually achieved good motor outcome with postoperative prism correction if they were PA responders before surgery.