Cancer is a multifaceted disease characterized by the gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations within cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and invasive behavior. The intricate interplay between environmental factors, such as exposure to carcinogens, and the molecular cascades governing cell growth, differentiation, and survival contributes to cancer’s development and progression. This review offers a comprehensive overview of key molecular targets and their roles in cancer development. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are implicated in various cancers due to their role in regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protects cells from oxidative damage but can also promote tumor cell survival. Cytochrome P450 1B1 metabolizes exogenous and endogenous substances, and its increased expression is observed in several cancers. The constitutive androstane receptor regulates gene expression, and its dysregulation can lead to liver cancer. Transforming growth factor-beta 2 is involved in the development and progression of various cancers by dysregulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Chelation treatment has been investigated for removing heavy metals, while genetically altered immune cells show promise in treating specific cancers. Metal–organic frameworks and fibronectin targeting represent new directions in cancer treatment. While some heavy metals, such as arsenic, chromium, nickel, and cadmium, are known to have carcinogenic properties, others, like zinc, Copper, gold, bismuth, and silver, have many uses that highlight their potential as effective cancer control tactics. There are a variety of heavy metal-based technologies that show potential for improving cancer treatment methods, including targeted drug delivery, improved radiation, and diagnostic tools. Graphical Abstract

The gastrointestinal (GI) system is fundamental to human health, managing digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. Among the pathogens that disrupt this system, Helicobacter pylori (HP) stands out as a major contributor to GI disorders, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Given the well-documented and escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance, which undermines the efficacy of conventional antibiotic therapies, there is a pressing need to explore alternative treatment approaches. This review examines the colonization and the pathophysiology of HP infection, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying its associated diseases. Furthermore, this study investigates novel treatments, emphasizing herbal alternatives like curcumin and green tea, which are well-known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities, as well as marine-based remedies like fucoidan and chitosan, which are abundant in bioactive components with antimicrobial and anti-cancer qualities. Their diverse bioactive constituents offer broad-spectrum health benefits, and the absence of observed cross-resistance enhances their therapeutic appeal. This review seeks to provide a holistic approach to managing HP-related disorders by including insights into the digestive system and emerging strategies for treatment.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that play a pivotal role in post-transcriptional gene regulation, influencing various biological processes such as cell division, proliferation, and apoptosis. Recent research has illuminated the significant involvement of miRNAs in neurological disorders, which encompass a wide range of conditions affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. These disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, as well as psychiatric conditions such as depression and schizophrenia, impose a substantial burden on global health. Dysregulated miRNAs contribute to disease pathogenesis by modulating neuronal differentiation and related signaling cascades. This review explores the biogenesis of miRNAs and their dysregulation in neurological disorders, highlighting specific miRNAs that serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. For instance, decreased levels of miR-125b-5p and miR-26b-5p in cerebrospinal fluid have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease progression. In Parkinson’s disease, distinct profiles of dysregulated miRNAs have been identified, including miR-7-5p and miR-153-3p, which target α-synuclein. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the potential of miRNA-based therapies to modulate disease processes and improve clinical outcomes. This review critically evaluates current therapeutic strategies for miRNA delivery in neurological disorders, focusing on advanced platforms such as nanocarriers, exosomes, viral vectors, and ligand-mediated systems designed to overcome the blood-brain barrier. We also explore the future of miRNA research in the context of precision medicine, highlighting the importance of targeted delivery, safety optimization, and integration of patient-specific molecular profiles. A comprehensive understanding of miRNA-regulated networks will be essential for developing innovative diagnostics and personalized treatments for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD), marked by amyloid β peptide buildup leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline, is a growing health concern. This study explores the neuroprotective potential of Mimosa pudica, a plant with traditional medicinal uses, focusing on its antioxidant properties and effects in a zinc-induced zebrafish model of AD. Methods: AD-like symptoms were induced in zebrafish using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The hydromethanolic extract of M. pudica (HMEMP) was analyzed for antioxidant activity through DPPH assays, functional group identification via FTIR, and immunohistochemical staining to observe brain astroglial cells. Behavioral tests were conducted to assess cognitive and social impairments, including open field, mirror biting, light–dark preference, social preference, object familiarity, and novel object recognition tests. Results: HMEMP showed strong, dose-dependent antioxidant activity and contained functional groups linked to neuroprotection. In zebrafish exposed to ZnO NPs, HMEMP significantly improved cognitive, social, and exploratory behaviors. Histological analysis revealed reduced neuroinflammation and tissue degeneration, supporting the extract’s neuroprotective effects against ZnO NP-induced AD-like symptoms. Conclusion: HMEMP exhibits strong antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, suggesting its potential to treat AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific bioactive compounds and mechanisms involved in its neuroprotective effects. Graphical

Traditional medicine in tropical areas often includes the use of Swietenia mahagoni to treat a wide range of conditions. However, preclinical testing is crucial to ensure their safety profile and address any remaining concerns about their efficacy. The zebrafish model of open field test shows that decreased dopamine and cholinergic transmission causes impaired locomotion and diminished exploratory behavior. In addition to the elevation of 5-HT and GABA reported in the mirror bite test findings, the extract may have suppressed dopamine expression. The mirror-bite test and the light-dark test both showed elevated levels of GABA expression. Findings from the predator avoidance test are very suggestive of a neurotransmitter-regulating action of the extract.