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Prof. Pornchai Rachtanapun
Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University

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0 Biopolymers
0 Packaging
0 Composite
0 active packaging
0 Cellulose fiber

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carboxymethyl chitosan
active packaging
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Communication
Published: 23 July 2021 in Polymers
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Polylactic acid (PLA) was melt-blended with epoxy resin to study the effects of the reaction on the mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA. The addition of 0.5% (wt/wt) epoxy to PLA increased the maximum tensile strength of PLA (57.5 MPa) to 67 MPa, whereas the 20% epoxy improved the elongation at break to 12%, due to crosslinking caused by the epoxy reaction. The morphology of the PLA/epoxy blends showed epoxy nanoparticle dispersion in the PLA matrix that presented a smooth fracture surface with a high epoxy content. The glass transition temperature of PLA decreased with an increasing epoxy content owing to the partial miscibility between PLA and the epoxy resin. The Vicat softening temperature of the PLA was 59 °C and increased to 64.6 °C for 0.5% epoxy. NMR confirmed the reaction between the -COOH groups of PLA and the epoxy groups of the epoxy resin. This reaction, and partial miscibility of the PLA/epoxy blend, improved the interfacial crosslinking, morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the blends.

ACS Style

Krittameth Kiattipornpithak; Nanthicha Thajai; Thidarat Kanthiya; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Noppol Leksawasdi; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; David Rohindra; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich; Sarana Rose Sommano; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong. Reaction Mechanism and Mechanical Property Improvement of Poly(Lactic Acid) Reactive Blending with Epoxy Resin. Polymers 2021, 13, 2429 .

AMA Style

Krittameth Kiattipornpithak, Nanthicha Thajai, Thidarat Kanthiya, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Noppol Leksawasdi, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, David Rohindra, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich, Sarana Rose Sommano, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong. Reaction Mechanism and Mechanical Property Improvement of Poly(Lactic Acid) Reactive Blending with Epoxy Resin. Polymers. 2021; 13 (15):2429.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krittameth Kiattipornpithak; Nanthicha Thajai; Thidarat Kanthiya; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Noppol Leksawasdi; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; David Rohindra; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich; Sarana Rose Sommano; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong. 2021. "Reaction Mechanism and Mechanical Property Improvement of Poly(Lactic Acid) Reactive Blending with Epoxy Resin." Polymers 13, no. 15: 2429.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2021 in Foods
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The effect of ultrasonication on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Ceylon spinach (Basella alba) extracts (CE) and the shelf life of chilled pork with CE were studied. The CE were ultrasonicated at different power levels (60–100%) for 10–40 min in an ultrasonic bath with the rise of antioxidant activities (p ≤ 0.05) proportional to the ultrasonication time. The additional investigation of antibacterial activities showed that the ultrasonicated extracts (100 mg/mL) could inhibit and inactivate Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with the optimal condition of 80% power for 40 min. For shelf life testing, fresh pork treated with the ultrasonicated extracts at 100 and 120 mg/mL had lower values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than the control (without dipping). For food safety as measured by the total microbial count, the fresh pork dipped with 100–120 mg/mL CE extract could be kept at 0 °C for 7 days, 2 to 3 days longer than control meat at 0 and 4 °C, respectively. A sensory evaluation using a nine-point hedonic scale showed that fresh pork dipped with 100-mg/mL CE extracts was accepted by consumers. It is suggested that CE extracts can be applied in the food industry to enhance the quality and extend the shelf life of meat products.

ACS Style

Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Srirana Buadoktoom; Pimporn Leelapornpisid; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Noppol Leksawasdi; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Nareekan Chaiwong; Sarana Sommano; Charles Brennan; Joe Regenstein. Shelf Life Extension of Chilled Pork by Optimal Ultrasonicated Ceylon Spinach (Basella alba) Extracts: Physicochemical and Microbial Properties. Foods 2021, 10, 1241 .

AMA Style

Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Srirana Buadoktoom, Pimporn Leelapornpisid, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Thanongsak Chaiyaso, Noppol Leksawasdi, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Nareekan Chaiwong, Sarana Sommano, Charles Brennan, Joe Regenstein. Shelf Life Extension of Chilled Pork by Optimal Ultrasonicated Ceylon Spinach (Basella alba) Extracts: Physicochemical and Microbial Properties. Foods. 2021; 10 (6):1241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Srirana Buadoktoom; Pimporn Leelapornpisid; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Noppol Leksawasdi; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Nareekan Chaiwong; Sarana Sommano; Charles Brennan; Joe Regenstein. 2021. "Shelf Life Extension of Chilled Pork by Optimal Ultrasonicated Ceylon Spinach (Basella alba) Extracts: Physicochemical and Microbial Properties." Foods 10, no. 6: 1241.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2021 in Membranes
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Nicotine (NCT), administered in the form of a fast dissolving oral delivery system, can be a potential alternative to nicotine replacement therapy. NCT was extracted by maceration and acid-base extraction methods from Burley tobacco leaves with different stalk positions and extraction yield and NCT content were further determined. The extract with the highest nicotine content was selected for incorporation into a fast dissolving film formulation. The optimized film was evaluated for its physical and mechanical properties, in vitro disintegration, and drug release profile. The results demonstrated that the extract from the upper part of tobacco leaves using the acid-base extraction method had the highest amount of NCT. NCT fast dissolving film consisting of this extract as the active ingredient and HPMC E15 as a film polymer resulted in a homogeneous translucent film with a light brown color. The addition of NCT significantly affected the film properties in terms of weight, disintegration time, tensile strength, percentage elongation at break, and Young’s modulus values. The drug release of NCT fast dissolving film showed a rapid initial release of 80% within three minutes, and its kinetics followed the Higuchi matrix model. The results suggest that these NCT films can be employed in the development of NCT fast dissolving films for clinical use.

ACS Style

Kantaporn Kheawfu; Adchareeya Kaewpinta; Wisinee Chanmahasathien; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Pensak Jantrawut. Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves and Development of Fast Dissolving Nicotine Extract Film. Membranes 2021, 11, 403 .

AMA Style

Kantaporn Kheawfu, Adchareeya Kaewpinta, Wisinee Chanmahasathien, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Pensak Jantrawut. Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves and Development of Fast Dissolving Nicotine Extract Film. Membranes. 2021; 11 (6):403.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kantaporn Kheawfu; Adchareeya Kaewpinta; Wisinee Chanmahasathien; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Pensak Jantrawut. 2021. "Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves and Development of Fast Dissolving Nicotine Extract Film." Membranes 11, no. 6: 403.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2021 in Polymers
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Foodborne pathogens mostly contaminate ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products by post-process contamination and cause foodborne disease outbreaks. Preventing post-process contamination and controlling microbial growth during storage by packing the RTE meats with active antimicrobial film from chitosan combined with the synergism of Thai household essential oils was investigated. Here, we analyzed antimicrobial activity and mechanical properties of chitosan films incorporated with essential oil of fingerroot (EOF) and holy basil (EOH) based on their fractional inhibitory concentration and isobolograms. We showed that antimicrobial activities of chitosan film and chitosan films formulated with EOF:EOH displayed a dramatical reduction of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A concentration by 7 Log in 12 h. Chitosan film incorporated with EOF:EOH at ratio 0.04:0.04% v/v/w strongly retarded growth of total viable count of L. monocytogenes on vacuum-packed bologna slices during seven days of storage at 4 and 10 °C. Combined EOF and EOH added to chitosan films did not alter thickness, elongation (%) and colors (L*, a* and b*) of the chitosan film, but it increased water vapor transmission rate and decreased film tensile strength. Results suggested that chitosan film had strong antibacterial properties. Its effectiveness in inhibiting foodborne pathogenic bacteria in ready-to-eat meat products was enhanced by adding a combination of EOF:EOH.

ACS Style

Juthamas Tantala; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Chitsiri Rachtanapun. Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Thai Household Essential Oils in Chitosan Film. Polymers 2021, 13, 1519 .

AMA Style

Juthamas Tantala, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Chitsiri Rachtanapun. Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Thai Household Essential Oils in Chitosan Film. Polymers. 2021; 13 (9):1519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juthamas Tantala; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Chitsiri Rachtanapun. 2021. "Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Thai Household Essential Oils in Chitosan Film." Polymers 13, no. 9: 1519.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2021 in Molecules
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Targeting tyrosinase for melanogenesis disorders is an established strategy. Hydroxyl-substituted benzoic and cinnamic acid scaffolds were incorporated into new chemotypes that displayed in vitro inhibitory effects against mushroom and human tyrosinase for the purpose of identifying anti-melanogenic ingredients. The most active compound 2-((4-methoxyphenethyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl (E)-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acrylate (Ph9), inhibited mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 of 0.059 nM, while 2-((4-methoxyphenethyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl cinnamate (Ph6) had an IC50 of 2.1 nM compared to the positive control, kojic acid IC50 16700 nM. Results of human tyrosinase inhibitory activity in A375 human melanoma cells showed that compound (Ph9) and Ph6 exhibited 94.6% and 92.2% inhibitory activity respectively while the positive control kojic acid showed 72.9% inhibition. Enzyme kinetics reflected a mixed type of inhibition for inhibitor Ph9 (Ki 0.093 nM) and non-competitive inhibition for Ph6 (Ki 2.3 nM) revealed from Lineweaver–Burk plots. In silico docking studies with mushroom tyrosinase (PDB ID:2Y9X) predicted possible binding modes in the catalytic site for these active compounds. Ph9 displayed no PAINS (pan-assay interference compounds) alerts. Our results showed that compound Ph9 is a potential candidate for further development of tyrosinase inhibitors.

ACS Style

Yasir Nazir; Hummera Rafique; Naghmana Kausar; Qamar Abbas; Zaman Ashraf; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich. Methoxy-Substituted Tyramine Derivatives Synthesis, Computational Studies and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Kinetics. Molecules 2021, 26, 2477 .

AMA Style

Yasir Nazir, Hummera Rafique, Naghmana Kausar, Qamar Abbas, Zaman Ashraf, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich. Methoxy-Substituted Tyramine Derivatives Synthesis, Computational Studies and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Kinetics. Molecules. 2021; 26 (9):2477.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yasir Nazir; Hummera Rafique; Naghmana Kausar; Qamar Abbas; Zaman Ashraf; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich. 2021. "Methoxy-Substituted Tyramine Derivatives Synthesis, Computational Studies and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Kinetics." Molecules 26, no. 9: 2477.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2021 in Molecules
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In recent years, instead of the use of chemical substances, alternative substances, especially plant extracts, have been characterized for an active packaging of antibacterial elements. In this study, the peels of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), and mango (Mangifera indica) were extracted to obtain bioactive compound by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and maceration with water, ethanol 95% and water–ethanol (40:60%). All extracts contained phenolics and flavonoids. However, mangosteen peel extracted by MAE and maceration with water/ethanol (MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E, respectively) contained higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, and exhibited greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, both extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis, α-mangostin conferring antibacterial property was found in both extracts. The MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E films exhibited 30.22 ± 2.14 and 30.60 ± 2.83 mm of growth inhibition zones against S. aureus and 26.50 ± 1.60 and 26.93 ± 3.92 mm of growth inhibition zones against E. coli. These clear zones were wider than its crude extract approximately 3 times, possibly because the film formulation enhanced antibacterial activity with sustained release of active compound. Thus, the mangosteen extracts have potential to be used as an antibacterial compound in active packaging.

ACS Style

Tanpong Chaiwarit; Nutthapong Kantrong; Sarana Sommano; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Taepin Junmahasathien; Mont Kumpugdee-Vollrath; Pensak Jantrawut. Extraction of Tropical Fruit Peels and Development of HPMC Film Containing the Extracts as an Active Antibacterial Packaging Material. Molecules 2021, 26, 2265 .

AMA Style

Tanpong Chaiwarit, Nutthapong Kantrong, Sarana Sommano, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Taepin Junmahasathien, Mont Kumpugdee-Vollrath, Pensak Jantrawut. Extraction of Tropical Fruit Peels and Development of HPMC Film Containing the Extracts as an Active Antibacterial Packaging Material. Molecules. 2021; 26 (8):2265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanpong Chaiwarit; Nutthapong Kantrong; Sarana Sommano; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Taepin Junmahasathien; Mont Kumpugdee-Vollrath; Pensak Jantrawut. 2021. "Extraction of Tropical Fruit Peels and Development of HPMC Film Containing the Extracts as an Active Antibacterial Packaging Material." Molecules 26, no. 8: 2265.

Journal article
Published: 11 April 2021 in Biology
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Steroid 5-alpha reductases (SRD5As) are responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a potent androgen, which is the aetiologic factor of androgenetic alopecia. This study aimed to compare the SRD5A gene expression suppression activity exerted by Thai rice bran extracts and their components and investigate the interactional mechanism between bioactive compounds and SRD5A2 using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Bran of Oryza sativa cv. Tubtim Chumphae (TRB), Yamuechaebia Morchor (YRB), Riceberry (RRB), and Malinil Surin (MRB), all rice milling by-products, was solvent-extracted. The ethanolic extract of TRB had the highest sum of overall bioactive compounds (γ-oryzanol; α-, β-, and γ-tocopherol; phenolics; and flavonoids). Among all extracts, TRB greatly downregulated the expression of SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and SRD5A3; there were no significant differences between TRB and finasteride regarding SRD5A suppression. The linear relationship and principal component analysis supported that the α-tocopherol content was correlated with the SRD5A suppression exerted by TRB. Furthermore, MD simulation demonstrated that α-tocopherol had the highest binding affinity towards SRD5A2 by interacting with residues Phe118 and Trp201. Our findings indicate that α-tocopherol effectively downregulates the expression of SRD5A genes and inhibits SRD5A2 activity, actions that are comparable to standard finasteride. TRB, a source of α-tocopherol, could be developed as an anti-hair loss product.

ACS Style

Chiranan Khantham; Wipawadee Yooin; Korawan Sringarm; Sarana Sommano; Supat Jiranusornkul; Francisco Carmona; Wutigri Nimlamool; Pensak Jantrawut; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich. Effects on Steroid 5-Alpha Reductase Gene Expression of Thai Rice Bran Extracts and Molecular Dynamics Study on SRD5A2. Biology 2021, 10, 319 .

AMA Style

Chiranan Khantham, Wipawadee Yooin, Korawan Sringarm, Sarana Sommano, Supat Jiranusornkul, Francisco Carmona, Wutigri Nimlamool, Pensak Jantrawut, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich. Effects on Steroid 5-Alpha Reductase Gene Expression of Thai Rice Bran Extracts and Molecular Dynamics Study on SRD5A2. Biology. 2021; 10 (4):319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiranan Khantham; Wipawadee Yooin; Korawan Sringarm; Sarana Sommano; Supat Jiranusornkul; Francisco Carmona; Wutigri Nimlamool; Pensak Jantrawut; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich. 2021. "Effects on Steroid 5-Alpha Reductase Gene Expression of Thai Rice Bran Extracts and Molecular Dynamics Study on SRD5A2." Biology 10, no. 4: 319.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Polymers
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Edible and active packaging are attractive for use in food packaging applications due to their functionality and sustainability. This research developed new antioxidant active food packaging materials from cassava starch/gelatin (7:3 w/w) composite films with varied antioxidant types (quercetin and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)) and concentrations (0–200 mg/200 mL film-forming solution) and evaluated their properties. Antioxidant addition altered the mechanical and barrier properties of the films. At 34% relative humidity (RH), increasing the concentration of quercetin increased the tensile strength and decreased the elongation at break of the composite films. Increasing quercetin and TBHQ contents increased the film water solubility and water vapor transmission rate. Intermolecular interactions between the antioxidants and films, as found in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and XRD micrographs, were related to the changed film functionalities. In food application studies, the cassava starch/gelatin films containing quercetin and TBHQ retarded the oxidation of lard (more than 35 days) and delayed the redness discoloration of pork. Cassava starch/gelatin composite films integrated with quercetin and TBHQ can be utilized as active packaging that delays oxidation in foods.

ACS Style

Wirongrong Tongdeesoontorn; Lisa Mauer; Sasitorn Wongruong; Pensiri Sriburi; Alissara Reungsang; Pornchai Rachtanapun. Antioxidant Films from Cassava Starch/Gelatin Biocomposite Fortified with Quercetin and TBHQ and Their Applications in Food Models. Polymers 2021, 13, 1117 .

AMA Style

Wirongrong Tongdeesoontorn, Lisa Mauer, Sasitorn Wongruong, Pensiri Sriburi, Alissara Reungsang, Pornchai Rachtanapun. Antioxidant Films from Cassava Starch/Gelatin Biocomposite Fortified with Quercetin and TBHQ and Their Applications in Food Models. Polymers. 2021; 13 (7):1117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wirongrong Tongdeesoontorn; Lisa Mauer; Sasitorn Wongruong; Pensiri Sriburi; Alissara Reungsang; Pornchai Rachtanapun. 2021. "Antioxidant Films from Cassava Starch/Gelatin Biocomposite Fortified with Quercetin and TBHQ and Their Applications in Food Models." Polymers 13, no. 7: 1117.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Polymers
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Owing to the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic (PCA) oils, much attention has been paid to the replacement of PCA oils by other nontoxic oils. This paper reports comparative study of the effects of new vegetable oils, i.e., Moringa oil (MO) and Niger oil (NO), on rheological, physical and dynamic properties of silica–filled natural rubber composite (NRC), in comparison with petroleum–based naphthenic oil (NTO). The results reveal that MO and NO exhibit higher thermal stability and better processability than NTO. Cure characteristics of the rubber compounds are not significantly affected by the oil type. It is also found that the NRCs containing MO or NO have better tensile strength and lower dynamic energy loss than the NRCs containing NTO. This may be because both MO and NO improve filler dispersion to a greater extent than NTO as supported by storage modulus and scanning electron microscopy results. Consequently, the present study suggests that MO and NO could be used as the alternative non–toxic oils for NRC without any loss of the properties evaluated.

ACS Style

Siwarote Boonrasri; Pongdhorn Sae-Oui; Alissara Reungsang; Pornchai Rachtanapun. New Vegetable Oils with Different Fatty Acids on Natural Rubber Composite Properties. Polymers 2021, 13, 1108 .

AMA Style

Siwarote Boonrasri, Pongdhorn Sae-Oui, Alissara Reungsang, Pornchai Rachtanapun. New Vegetable Oils with Different Fatty Acids on Natural Rubber Composite Properties. Polymers. 2021; 13 (7):1108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siwarote Boonrasri; Pongdhorn Sae-Oui; Alissara Reungsang; Pornchai Rachtanapun. 2021. "New Vegetable Oils with Different Fatty Acids on Natural Rubber Composite Properties." Polymers 13, no. 7: 1108.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2021 in Polymers
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Curcumin is a phenolic compound derived from turmeric roots (Curcuma longa L.). This research studied the effects of curcumin extract on the properties of chitosan films. The film characteristics measured included mechanical properties, visual aspects, color parameters, light transmission, moisture content, water solubility, water vapor permeability, infrared spectroscopy, and antioxidant activity. The results suggest that adding curcumin to chitosan-based films increases yellowness and light barriers. Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed interactions between the phenolic compounds of the extract and the chitosan, which may have improved the mechanical properties and reduced the moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability of the films. The antioxidant activity of the films increased with increasing concentrations of the curcumin extract. This study shows the potential benefits of incorporating curcumin extract into chitosan films used as active packaging.

ACS Style

Pornchai Rachtanapun; Warinporn Klunklin; Pensak Jantrawut; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Noppol Leksawasdi; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich; Suphat Phongthai; Sarana Sommano; Winita Punyodom; Alissara Reungsang; Thi Ngo. Characterization of Chitosan Film Incorporated with Curcumin Extract. Polymers 2021, 13, 963 .

AMA Style

Pornchai Rachtanapun, Warinporn Klunklin, Pensak Jantrawut, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Noppol Leksawasdi, Thanongsak Chaiyaso, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich, Suphat Phongthai, Sarana Sommano, Winita Punyodom, Alissara Reungsang, Thi Ngo. Characterization of Chitosan Film Incorporated with Curcumin Extract. Polymers. 2021; 13 (6):963.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornchai Rachtanapun; Warinporn Klunklin; Pensak Jantrawut; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Noppol Leksawasdi; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich; Suphat Phongthai; Sarana Sommano; Winita Punyodom; Alissara Reungsang; Thi Ngo. 2021. "Characterization of Chitosan Film Incorporated with Curcumin Extract." Polymers 13, no. 6: 963.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2021 in Foods
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Pectin recovered from mango peel biomass can be used as a potential source for pectic oligosaccharide hydrolysate with excellent probiotic growth-enhancing performance and prebiotic potentials. Consequently, the objectives of the current study were to optimise the enzyme hydrolysis treatment of mango peel pectin (MPP) and to evaluate the pectic oligosaccharide effects of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Bifidobacterium animalis TISTR 2195. Mango of “chok anan” variety was chosen due to its excessive volume of biomass in processing and high pectin content. The optimal treatment for mango peel pectic oligosaccharide (MPOS) valorisation was 24 h of fermentation with 0.3% (v/v) pectinase. This condition provided small oligosaccharides with the molecular weight of 643 Da that demonstrated the highest score of prebiotic activity for both of B. animalis TISTR 2195 (7.76) and L. reuteri DSM 17938 (6.87). The major sugar compositions of the oligosaccharide were fructose (24.41% (w/w)) and glucose (19.52% (w/w)). For the simulation of prebiotic fermentation, B. animalis TISTR 2195 showed higher proliferation in 4% (w/v) of MPOS supplemented (8.92 log CFU/mL) than that of L. reuteri (8.53 CFU/mL) at 72 h of the fermentation time. The main short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from MPOS were acetic acid and propionic acid. The highest value of total SCFA was achieved from the 4% (w/v) MPOS supplementation for both of B. animalis (68.57 mM) and L. reuteri (69.15 mM). The result of this study therefore conclusively advises that MPOS is a novel pectic oligosaccharide resource providing the opportunity for the sustainable development approach through utilising by-products from the fruit industry.

ACS Style

Malaiporn Wongkaew; Bow Tinpovong; Korawan Sringarm; Noppol Leksawasdi; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Prasert Hanmoungjai; Sarana Sommano. Crude Pectic Oligosaccharide Recovery from Thai Chok Anan Mango Peel Using Pectinolytic Enzyme Hydrolysis. Foods 2021, 10, 627 .

AMA Style

Malaiporn Wongkaew, Bow Tinpovong, Korawan Sringarm, Noppol Leksawasdi, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Prasert Hanmoungjai, Sarana Sommano. Crude Pectic Oligosaccharide Recovery from Thai Chok Anan Mango Peel Using Pectinolytic Enzyme Hydrolysis. Foods. 2021; 10 (3):627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malaiporn Wongkaew; Bow Tinpovong; Korawan Sringarm; Noppol Leksawasdi; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Prasert Hanmoungjai; Sarana Sommano. 2021. "Crude Pectic Oligosaccharide Recovery from Thai Chok Anan Mango Peel Using Pectinolytic Enzyme Hydrolysis." Foods 10, no. 3: 627.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2021 in Polymers
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Nata de coco has been used as a raw material for food preparation. In this study, the production of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) film from nata de coco and the effect of monochloroacetic acid on carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose (CMC n ) and its film were investigated. Bacterial cellulose from nata de coco was modified into CMC form via carboxymethylation using various concentrations of monochloroacetic acid (MCA) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 g per 15 g of cellulose. The results showed that different concentrations of MCA affected the degree of substitution (DS), chemical structure, viscosity, color, crystallinity, and morphology of CMC n . The optimum treatment for carboxymethylation was found using 24 g of MCA per 15 g of cellulose, which provided the highest DS at 0.83. The morphology of CMC n was related to DS value; a higher DS value showed denser and smoother surface than nata de coco cellulose. The various MCA concentrations increased the mechanical properties (tensile strength and percentage of elongation at break) and water vapor permeability of CMC n , which were related to the DS value.

ACS Style

Pornchai Rachtanapun; Warinporn Klunklin; Pensak Jantrawut; Noppol Leksawasdi; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich; Suphat Phongthai; Sarana Sommano; Winita Punyodom; Alissara Reungsang; Thi Ngo. Effect of Monochloroacetic Acid on Properties of Carboxymethyl Bacterial Cellulose Powder and Film from Nata de Coco. Polymers 2021, 13, 488 .

AMA Style

Pornchai Rachtanapun, Warinporn Klunklin, Pensak Jantrawut, Noppol Leksawasdi, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Thanongsak Chaiyaso, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich, Suphat Phongthai, Sarana Sommano, Winita Punyodom, Alissara Reungsang, Thi Ngo. Effect of Monochloroacetic Acid on Properties of Carboxymethyl Bacterial Cellulose Powder and Film from Nata de Coco. Polymers. 2021; 13 (4):488.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornchai Rachtanapun; Warinporn Klunklin; Pensak Jantrawut; Noppol Leksawasdi; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich; Suphat Phongthai; Sarana Sommano; Winita Punyodom; Alissara Reungsang; Thi Ngo. 2021. "Effect of Monochloroacetic Acid on Properties of Carboxymethyl Bacterial Cellulose Powder and Film from Nata de Coco." Polymers 13, no. 4: 488.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2021 in Polymers
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Bacterial cellulose from nata de coco was prepared from the fermentation of coconut juice with Acetobacter xylinum for 10 days at room temperature under sterile conditions. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was transformed from the bacterial cellulose from the nata de coco by carboxymethylation using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in an isopropyl (IPA) medium. The effects of various NaOH concentrations on the degree of substitution (DS), chemical structure, viscosity, color, crystallinity, morphology and the thermal properties of carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose powder from nata de coco (CMCn) were evaluated. In the carboxymethylation process, the optimal condition resulted from NaOH amount of 30 g/100 mL, as this provided the highest DS value (0.92). The crystallinity of CMCn declined after synthesis but seemed to be the same in each condition. The mechanical properties (tensile strength and percentage of elongation at break), water vapor permeability (WVP) and morphology of CMCn films obtained from CMCn synthesis using different NaOH concentrations were investigated. The tensile strength of CMCn film synthesized with a NaOH concentration of 30 g/100 mL increased, however it declined when the amount of NaOH concentration was too high. This result correlated with the DS value. The highest percent elongation at break was obtained from CMCn films synthesized with 50 g/100 mL NaOH, whereas the elongation at break decreased when NaOH concentration increased to 60 g/100 mL.

ACS Style

Pornchai Rachtanapun; Pensak Jantrawut; Warinporn Klunklin; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Noppol Leksawasdi; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Chayatip Insomphun; Suphat Phongthai; Sarana Sommano; Winita Punyodom; Alissara Reungsang; Thi Ngo. Carboxymethyl Bacterial Cellulose from Nata de Coco: Effects of NaOH. Polymers 2021, 13, 348 .

AMA Style

Pornchai Rachtanapun, Pensak Jantrawut, Warinporn Klunklin, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Noppol Leksawasdi, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Thanongsak Chaiyaso, Chayatip Insomphun, Suphat Phongthai, Sarana Sommano, Winita Punyodom, Alissara Reungsang, Thi Ngo. Carboxymethyl Bacterial Cellulose from Nata de Coco: Effects of NaOH. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):348.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pornchai Rachtanapun; Pensak Jantrawut; Warinporn Klunklin; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Noppol Leksawasdi; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Chayatip Insomphun; Suphat Phongthai; Sarana Sommano; Winita Punyodom; Alissara Reungsang; Thi Ngo. 2021. "Carboxymethyl Bacterial Cellulose from Nata de Coco: Effects of NaOH." Polymers 13, no. 3: 348.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Polymers
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Cellulose from Asparagus officinalis stalk end was extracted and synthesized to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCas) using monochloroacetic acid (MCA) via carboxymethylation reaction with various sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations starting from 20% to 60%. The cellulose and CMCas were characterized by the physical properties, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, mechanical properties of CMCas films were also investigated. The optimum condition for producing CMCas was found to be 30% of NaOH concentration for the carboxymethylation reaction, which provided the highest percent yield of CMCas at 44.04% with the highest degree of substitution (DS) at 0.98. The melting point of CMCas decreased with increasing NaOH concentrations. Crystallinity of CMCas was significantly deformed (p < 0.05) after synthesis at a high concentration. The L* value of the CMCas was significantly lower at a high NaOH concentration compared to the cellulose. The highest tensile strength (44.59 MPa) was found in CMCas film synthesized with 40% of NaOH concentration and the highest percent elongation at break (24.99%) was obtained in CMCas film treated with 30% of NaOH concentration. The applications of asparagus stalk end are as biomaterials in drug delivery system, tissue engineering, coating, and food packaging.

ACS Style

Warinporn Klunklin; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Noppol Leksawasdi; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Chayatip Insomphun; Suphat Phongthai; Pensak Jantrawut; Sarana Rose Sommano; Winita Punyodom; Alissara Reungsang; Thi Minh Phuong Ngo; Pornchai Rachtanapun. Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Asparagus Stalk End. Polymers 2020, 13, 81 .

AMA Style

Warinporn Klunklin, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Noppol Leksawasdi, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Thanongsak Chaiyaso, Chayatip Insomphun, Suphat Phongthai, Pensak Jantrawut, Sarana Rose Sommano, Winita Punyodom, Alissara Reungsang, Thi Minh Phuong Ngo, Pornchai Rachtanapun. Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Asparagus Stalk End. Polymers. 2020; 13 (1):81.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Warinporn Klunklin; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Noppol Leksawasdi; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Chayatip Insomphun; Suphat Phongthai; Pensak Jantrawut; Sarana Rose Sommano; Winita Punyodom; Alissara Reungsang; Thi Minh Phuong Ngo; Pornchai Rachtanapun. 2020. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Asparagus Stalk End." Polymers 13, no. 1: 81.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2020 in Polymers
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Extrusion-based 3D printing technology is a relatively new technique that has a potential for fabricating pharmaceutical products in various dosage forms. It offers many advantages over conventional manufacturing methods, including more accurate drug dosing, which is especially important for the drugs that require exact tailoring (e.g., narrow therapeutic index drugs). In this work, we have successfully fabricated phenytoin-loaded orodispersible films (ODFs) through a syringe extrusion 3D printing technique. Two different grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E5 and HPMC E15) were used as the film-forming polymers, and glycerin and propylene glycol were used as plasticizers. The 3D-printed ODFs were physicochemically characterized and evaluated for their mechanical properties and in vitro disintegration time. Then, the optimum printed ODFs showing good mechanical properties and the fastest disintegration time were selected to evaluate their drug content and dissolution profiles. The results showed that phenytoin-loaded E15 ODFs demonstrated superior properties when compared to E5 films. It demonstrated a fast disintegration time in less than 5 s and rapidly dissolved and reached up to 80% of drug release within 10 min. In addition, it also exhibited drug content uniformity within United States Pharmacopeia (USP) acceptable range and exhibited good mechanical properties and flexibility with low puncture strength, low Young’s modulus and high elongation, which allows ease of handling and application. Furthermore, the HPMC E15 printing dispersions with suitable concentrations at 10% w/v exhibited a non-Newtonian (shear-thinning) pseudoplastic behavior along with good extrudability characteristics through the extrusion nozzle. Thus, HPMC E15 can be applied as a 3D printing polymer for a syringe extrusion 3D printer.

ACS Style

Pattaraporn Panraksa; Suruk Udomsom; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Chuda Chittasupho; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich; Pensak Jantrawut. Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose E15: A Hydrophilic Polymer for Fabrication of Orodispersible Film Using Syringe Extrusion 3D Printer. Polymers 2020, 12, 2666 .

AMA Style

Pattaraporn Panraksa, Suruk Udomsom, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Chuda Chittasupho, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich, Pensak Jantrawut. Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose E15: A Hydrophilic Polymer for Fabrication of Orodispersible Film Using Syringe Extrusion 3D Printer. Polymers. 2020; 12 (11):2666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pattaraporn Panraksa; Suruk Udomsom; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Chuda Chittasupho; Warintorn Ruksiriwanich; Pensak Jantrawut. 2020. "Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose E15: A Hydrophilic Polymer for Fabrication of Orodispersible Film Using Syringe Extrusion 3D Printer." Polymers 12, no. 11: 2666.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2020 in Plants
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In this research, we assessed the detergency properties along with chemical characteristic of the surfactant extracts from the most frequently cited detergent plants in Northern Thailand, namely, Sapindus rarak, Acacia concinna, and Litsea glutinosa. Moreover, as to provide the sustainable option for production of such valuable ingredients, plant tissue culture (PTC) as alternative method for industrial metabolite cultivation was also proposed herein. The results illustrated that detergent plant extracts showed moderate in foaming and detergency abilities compared with those of synthetic surfactant. The phytochemical analysis illustrated the positive detection of saponins in L. glutinosa plant extracts. The highest callus formation was found in L. glutinosa explant cultured with MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The callus extract was chemical elucidated using chromatography, which illustrated the presence of saponin similar to those from the crude leaf and Quillaja saponin extracts. Compact mass spectrometry confirmed that the surfactant was of the steroidal diagnostic type.

ACS Style

Jiratchaya Wisetkomolmat; Ratchuporn Suksathan; Ratchadawan Puangpradab; Keawalin Kunasakdakul; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Sarana Rose Sommano. Natural Surfactant Saponin from Tissue of Litsea glutinosa and Its Alternative Sustainable Production. Plants 2020, 9, 1521 .

AMA Style

Jiratchaya Wisetkomolmat, Ratchuporn Suksathan, Ratchadawan Puangpradab, Keawalin Kunasakdakul, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Sarana Rose Sommano. Natural Surfactant Saponin from Tissue of Litsea glutinosa and Its Alternative Sustainable Production. Plants. 2020; 9 (11):1521.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiratchaya Wisetkomolmat; Ratchuporn Suksathan; Ratchadawan Puangpradab; Keawalin Kunasakdakul; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Sarana Rose Sommano. 2020. "Natural Surfactant Saponin from Tissue of Litsea glutinosa and Its Alternative Sustainable Production." Plants 9, no. 11: 1521.

Journal article
Published: 08 October 2020 in Polymers
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Time–temperature indicators (TTIs) can be important tools in product applications to monitor food quality losses, especially for fruits and vegetables. In this context, the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and glycerol on the color change of polydiacetylene/AgNPs (PDA/AgNPs) embedded in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) film as time–temperature indicators (TTIs) were investigated. A CMC film prepared with 30 mg/L AgNPs and a 1:3 (v/v) PDA:AgNP ratio exhibited a faster color change than under other conditions. At 35 °C, the films with PDA/AgNPs changed color from purplish-blue to purple and purple to reddish-purple over time due to the higher thermal conductivity of AgNPs and larger PDA surface area exposed to specific temperatures. The total color difference (TCD) of PDA/AgNP-embedded CMC film directly changed with regard to time and temperature. However, adding glycerol to the system resulted in a symmetrical chemical structure, a factor that delayed the color change. Scanning electron micrographs showed AgNPs embedded in the CMC films. Transmission electron micrographs indicated a core-shell structure of PDA/AgNP vesicles in the CMC matrix. PDA/AgNP vesicles were confirmed by second derivative Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, with a new peak at 1390–1150 cm−1. The kinetics of TTIs from PDA/AgNP-embedded CMC films yielded an activation energy of 58.70 kJ/mol.

ACS Style

Aphisit Saenjaiban; Teeranuch Singtisan; Panuwat Suppakul; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Winita Punyodom; Pornchai Rachtanapun. Novel Color Change Film as a Time–Temperature Indicator Using Polydiacetylene/Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Polymers 2020, 12, 2306 .

AMA Style

Aphisit Saenjaiban, Teeranuch Singtisan, Panuwat Suppakul, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Winita Punyodom, Pornchai Rachtanapun. Novel Color Change Film as a Time–Temperature Indicator Using Polydiacetylene/Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Polymers. 2020; 12 (10):2306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aphisit Saenjaiban; Teeranuch Singtisan; Panuwat Suppakul; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Winita Punyodom; Pornchai Rachtanapun. 2020. "Novel Color Change Film as a Time–Temperature Indicator Using Polydiacetylene/Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Carboxymethyl Cellulose." Polymers 12, no. 10: 2306.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2020 in Polymers
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The aim of this work was to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and produce CMC films from the cellulose of palm bunch and bagasse agricultural waste. The effect of various amounts of H2O2 (0–40% v/v) during delignification on the properties of cellulose, CMC, and CMC films was studied. As the H2O2 content increased, yield and the lignin content of the cellulose from palm bunch and bagasse decreased, whereas lightness (L*) and whiteness index (WI) increased. FTIR confirmed the substitution of a carboxymethyl group on the cellulose structure. A higher degree of substitution of CMC from both sources was found when 20%–30% H2O2 was employed. The trend in the L* and WI values of each CMC and CMC film was related to those values in their respective cellulose. Bleaching each cellulose with 20% H2O2 provided the cellulose with the highest viscosity and the CMC films with the greatest mechanical (higher tensile strength and elongation at break) and soluble attributes, but the lowest water vapor barrier. This evidence indicates that cellulose delignification with H2O2 has a strong effect on the appearance and physical properties of both CMCs.

ACS Style

Rungsiri Suriyatem; Nichaya Noikang; Tamolwan Kankam; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Noppol Leksawasdi; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Chayatip Insomphun; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Pensak Jantrawut; Sarana Rose Sommano; Thi Minh Phuong Ngo; Pornchai Rachtanapun. Physical Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Palm Bunch and Bagasse Agricultural Wastes: Effect of Delignification with Hydrogen Peroxide. Polymers 2020, 12, 1505 .

AMA Style

Rungsiri Suriyatem, Nichaya Noikang, Tamolwan Kankam, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Noppol Leksawasdi, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Chayatip Insomphun, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Thanongsak Chaiyaso, Pensak Jantrawut, Sarana Rose Sommano, Thi Minh Phuong Ngo, Pornchai Rachtanapun. Physical Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Palm Bunch and Bagasse Agricultural Wastes: Effect of Delignification with Hydrogen Peroxide. Polymers. 2020; 12 (7):1505.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rungsiri Suriyatem; Nichaya Noikang; Tamolwan Kankam; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Noppol Leksawasdi; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Chayatip Insomphun; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Thanongsak Chaiyaso; Pensak Jantrawut; Sarana Rose Sommano; Thi Minh Phuong Ngo; Pornchai Rachtanapun. 2020. "Physical Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Palm Bunch and Bagasse Agricultural Wastes: Effect of Delignification with Hydrogen Peroxide." Polymers 12, no. 7: 1505.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2020 in Polymers
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This research aimed to synthesize carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH) from different molecular weights of chitosan including low MW (L, 50–190 kDa), medium MW (M, 210–300 kDa) and high MW (H, 310–375 kDa) on the antioxidant and moisturizing properties. The L-CMCH, M-CMCH and H-CMCH improved the water solubility by about 96%, 90% and 89%, respectively when compared to native chitosan. Higher MW resulted in more viscous of CMCH. For antioxidant properties, IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity for L-CMCH were 1.70 and 1.37 mg/mL, respectively. The L-CMCH had higher antioxidant properties by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay and FRAP. The moisturizing properties on pig skin using a Corneometer® showed that 0.5% H-CMCH significantly presented (p ≤ 0.05) greater moisturizing effect than that of untreated-skin, distilled water, propylene glycol and pure chitosan from three molecular weights.

ACS Style

Nareekan Chaiwong; Pimporn Leelapornpisid; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Vinyoo Sakdatorn; Noppol Leksawasdi; Yuthana Phimolsiripol. Antioxidant and Moisturizing Properties of Carboxymethyl Chitosan with Different Molecular Weights. Polymers 2020, 12, 1445 .

AMA Style

Nareekan Chaiwong, Pimporn Leelapornpisid, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Vinyoo Sakdatorn, Noppol Leksawasdi, Yuthana Phimolsiripol. Antioxidant and Moisturizing Properties of Carboxymethyl Chitosan with Different Molecular Weights. Polymers. 2020; 12 (7):1445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nareekan Chaiwong; Pimporn Leelapornpisid; Kittisak Jantanasakulwong; Pornchai Rachtanapun; Phisit Seesuriyachan; Vinyoo Sakdatorn; Noppol Leksawasdi; Yuthana Phimolsiripol. 2020. "Antioxidant and Moisturizing Properties of Carboxymethyl Chitosan with Different Molecular Weights." Polymers 12, no. 7: 1445.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2020 in Molecules
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Generally, natural rubber/chitosan (NR/CT) biocomposites could be prepared by either mixing natural rubber latex (NRL) with CT acid solution or mixing dry NR with CT powder on mixing equipment. In the present work, a new mixing method has been proposed and properties of the obtained NR/CT biocomposites are investigated. CT particles were prepared to have a negative charge that could be dispersed in water by using a ball mill before mixing with NRL. The effects of CT loading varied from 0 to 8 phr on latex properties and physical properties of NR/CT biocomposite films were focused. The results showed that the viscosity of NRL increased with increasing CT loading. With increasing CT loading from 0 to 8 phr, 300% modulus of the NR/CT biocomposite film increased, whereas the opposite trend was found for elongation at break. Additionally, the presence of CT in the biocomposite resulted in an increased elastic modulus (E’) in conjunction with enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).

ACS Style

Siwarote Boonrasri; Pongdhorn Sae–Oui; Pornchai Rachtanapun. Chitosan and Natural Rubber Latex Biocomposite Prepared by Incorporating Negatively Charged Chitosan Dispersion. Molecules 2020, 25, 2777 .

AMA Style

Siwarote Boonrasri, Pongdhorn Sae–Oui, Pornchai Rachtanapun. Chitosan and Natural Rubber Latex Biocomposite Prepared by Incorporating Negatively Charged Chitosan Dispersion. Molecules. 2020; 25 (12):2777.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siwarote Boonrasri; Pongdhorn Sae–Oui; Pornchai Rachtanapun. 2020. "Chitosan and Natural Rubber Latex Biocomposite Prepared by Incorporating Negatively Charged Chitosan Dispersion." Molecules 25, no. 12: 2777.