Breast cancer is one of the common malignancies among females in Saudi Arabia and has also been ranked as the one most prevalent and the number two killer disease in the country. However, the clinical diagnosis process of any disease such as breast cancer, coronary artery diseases, diabetes, COVID-19, among others, is often associated with uncertainty due to the complexity and fuzziness of the process. In this work, a fuzzy neural network expert system with an improved gini index random forest-based feature importance measure algorithm for early diagnosis of breast cancer in Saudi Arabia was proposed to address the uncertainty and ambiguity associated with the diagnosis of breast cancer and also the heavier burden on the overlay of the network nodes of the fuzzy neural network system that often happens due to insignificant features that are used to predict or diagnose the disease. An Improved Gini Index Random Forest-Based Feature Importance Measure Algorithm was used to select the five fittest features of the diagnostic wisconsin breast cancer database out of the 32 features of the dataset. The logistic regression, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, random forest, and gaussian naïve bayes learning algorithms were used to develop two sets of classification models. Hence, the classification models with full features (32) and models with the 5 fittest features. The two sets of classification models were evaluated, and the results of the evaluation were compared. The result of the comparison shows that the models with the selected fittest features outperformed their counterparts with full features in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and sensitivity. Therefore, a fuzzy neural network based expert system was developed with the five selected fittest features and the system achieved 99.33% accuracy, 99.41% sensitivity, and 99.24% specificity. Moreover, based on the comparison of the system developed in this work against the previous works that used fuzzy neural network or other applied artificial intelligence techniques on the same dataset for diagnosis of breast cancer using the same dataset, the system stands to be the best in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively. The z test was also conducted, and the test result shows that there is significant accuracy achieved by the system for early diagnosis of breast cancer.

Scabies is an invasive skin condition caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites. The present study investigates the antiscabies potential of coconut seed extract (CSE) in rabbits. GC-MS analysis of the seed oil identified 17 known compounds, while CSE phytochemical investigation afforded 4 known ones. The topical application of seed extract improved all signs of infection, and the improvement started 3 days post application. However, in vitro application of the extract caused 99% mortality of mites 1 day post application. Histopathological examination revealed the absence of inflammatory infiltration and hyperkeratosis of the epidermis, compared with ivermectin-treated groups which revealed less improvement. The mRNA gene expression results revealed a suppression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, MMP-9, VEGF, and MCP-1, and an upregulation of I-CAM-1, KGF as well as TIMP-1. The docking analysis emphasized a strong binding of gondoic acid with IL-1β, IL-6, and VEGF with high binding scores of −5.817, −5.291, and −8.362 kcal/mol, respectively, and a high binding affinity of 3″(1‴-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-sucrose with GST with −7.24 kcal/mol. Accordingly, and for the first time, our results highlighted the scabicidal potential of coconut seed extract, which opens the gate for an efficient, cost-effective as well as herbal-based alternative for the control of scabies in rabbits.

Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. (okra, F. Malvaceae) is a fruit widely consumed all over the world. In our study, the anti-Alzheimer’s potential of A. esculentus was evaluated. An in vitro DPPH free radical assay on A. esculentus seed’s total extract and AChE inhibition potential screening indicated a significant anti-Alzheimer’s activity of the extract, which was confirmed through an in vivo study in an aluminum-intoxicated rat model. Additionally, in vivo results demonstrated significant improvement in Alzheimer’s rats, which was confirmed by improving T-maze, beam balance tests, lower serum levels of AChE, norepinephrine, glycated end products, IL-6, and MDA. The levels of dopamine, BDNF, GSH, and TAC returned to normal values during the study. Moreover, histological investigations of brain tissue revealed that the destruction in collagen fiber nearly returns back to the normal pattern. Metabolomic analysis of the ethanolic extract of A. esculentus seeds via LC–HR-ESI-MS dereplicated ten compounds. A network pharmacology study displayed the relation between identified compounds and 136 genes, among which 84 genes related to Alzheimer’s disorders, and focused on AChE, APP, BACE1, MAPT and TNF genes with interactions to all Alzheimer’s disorders. Consequently, the results revealed in our study grant potential dietary elements for the management of Alzheimer’s disorders.

LC-HRESIMS metabolomic profiling of Olea europaea L. cv. Picual (OEP) (Saudi Arabian olive cultivar, F. Oleacea) revealed 18 compounds. Using pharmacology networking to specify the targets of the identified compounds with a relationship to Alzheimer’s disease, it was possible to identify the VEGFA, AChE, and DRD2 genes as the top correlated genes to Alzheimer’s disease with 8, 8, and 6 interactions in the same order. The mechanism of action on cellular components, biological processes, and molecular functions was determined by gene enrichment analysis. A biological pathway comparison revealed 13 shared pathways between the identified genes and Alzheimer protein genes (beta-amyloid band tau proteins). The suggested extract’s anti-Alzheimer potential in silico screening was confirmed through in vivo investigation in regressing the neurodegenerative features of Alzheimer’s dementia in an aluminum-intoxicated rat model (protective and therapeutic effects, 100 mg/kg b.w.). In vivo results suggested that OEP extract significantly improved Alzheimer’s rats, which was indicated by the crude extract’s ability to improve T-maze performance; lower elevated serum levels of AChE, AB peptide, and Ph/T ratio; and normalize the reduced level of TAC during the study. The results presented in this study may provide potential dietary supplements for the management of Alzheimer’s disease.

Tamarindus indica Linn (tamarind, F. Leguminosae) is one of the most widely consumed edible fruits in the world. Phytochemical investigation of tamarind pulp n-butanol fraction yielded one new (+)-pinitol glycoside compound 1 (25% w/w), and 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS investigation were used to confirm the new compound’s structure. (+)-Pinitol glycoside showed anti-Alzheimer potential that was confirmed in prophylactic and treatment groups by decreasing time for the T-maze test; decreased TAO, brain and serum AChE, MDA, tau protein levels, and β amyloid peptide protein levels; and increasing GPX, SOD levels, and in vivo regression of the neurodegenerative features of Alzheimer’s dementia in an aluminum-intoxicated rat model. The reported molecular targets for human Alzheimer’s disease were then used in a network pharmacology investigation to examine their complex interactions and identify the key targets in the disease pathogenesis. An in silico-based analysis (molecular docking, binding free energy calculation (ΔG_Binding), and molecular dynamics simulation) was performed to identify the potential targets for compound 1. The findings of this study may lead to the development of dietary supplements for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Globally, people are highly affected by Cadmium (Cd), the most hazardous heavy metal. It has been implicated in various pathogeneses. Oxidative stress may be one the main reasons for Cd-induced disorders in the body. This article investigates the protective ability of Catharanthus roseus (CR) extract on oxidative stress in the kidney and liver of rats exposed to Cd. After 21 days, a significant increase in MDA concentration (6.81 ± 0.05), (6.64 ± 0.03) was observed in Cd-treated groups compared to the control (5.54 ± 0.02), (5.39 ± 0.04) for the kidney and liver, respectively, while significant changes were observed in the haematological parameters. Antioxidant enzymes, GPx, CAT, and SOD showed a significant decrease in their activity. We established that increasing the concentration of Cd in the presence of H₂O₂ was able to cause stand scission in pBR322 plasmid DNA, which may be due to the mediation of ROS generated in the process. The antioxidant ability of CR extract was tested in DPPH and H₂O₂ scavenging assay, depicted by the increase in the percentage inhibition. Upon treatment of CR extract to rats, MDA concentration was decreased for the kidney and liver compared to the Cd-treated groups. This was again confirmed by comet assay of both tissues, where the degree of cellular DNA breakage caused by Cd toxicity decreased significantly upon treatment with CR extract. Overall, the results suggest that Cd plays a major role as an effector metal ion, causing a decrease in the concentration and activity of AO enzymes and enhanced lipid peroxidation. ROS production resulted in oxidative DNA damage within the cell, whereas CR extract showed potential antioxidant activity against ROS-mediated DNA damage induced by Cd poisoning.