Currently, research on microplastics (MPs) has increased due to their rapid distribution throughout the world and their harmful effects on the ecosystem. However, a detailed description of their dispersion and the methods for both detection and removal has not been given. The objective of this research is to carry out a bibliographic review that allows for a multidisciplinary analysis of microplastic contamination and current detection and removal methods. The method used is PRISMA in which articles from reliable databases such as Scopus, Web of science, and Google Scholar were collected and analyzed to finally provide details on the physical and chemical methods for detecting MPs, in addition to presenting the technologies for their removal. As a result of the analysis, critical information was obtained from the different studies on the impact of MPs on the ecosystem and the variation in detection and removal efficiency according to the type of pretreatment and methods applied to the sample. It is concluded that this research is essential to understand the consequences that MPs have on the ecosystem and provide tools to evaluate and improve current technologies, mainly detection and removal.

In the present study, a calcium alginate bead adsorbent was prepared from brown algae (Macrosystis pyrifera) and was used for removal of Pb⁺², Cu⁺², and Sb⁺³ ions from aqueous solutions, using a fixed bed column. The initial concentration of metal ions, mass of adsorbent, recirculation flow, hydrodynamic cavitation, and contact time were examined, and the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were systematically studied. The Taguchi five-factor methodology was used for the development at three levels of experimentation. Experiment N° 24 (concentration, 10 mg/L; flow rate, 10 mL/s; adsorbent mass, 10 g; hydrodynamic cavitation with maximum air flow, and treatment time 240 min) resulted in the maximum removal of 92%, 78%, and 16% of lead, copper, and antimony ions, respectively. The average rate constants corresponding to pseudo-second-order kinetics for lead, copper, and antimony ions were 5.3 × 10⁻³, 1.4 × 10⁻³, and 7 × 10⁻⁵ g.mg⁻¹min⁻¹, respectively. In the adsorption process, they closely approximate to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with adsorption capacities for Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Sb³⁺ of 7.60, 2.07, and 0.37 mg/g, respectively, with good bioadsorption affinity of Pb > Cu > Sb. It was demonstrated that the bioadsorption equipment, with proper control of the factors, achieves concentration values of lead and copper ions below the current environmental regulations. The results of these studies indicated that calcium alginate is a promising adsorbent for separating and recovering heavy metal ions from contaminated water, although further research is needed for antimony ions.

This article presents the design and control of a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a small-power Autonomous Photovoltaic Solar System, oriented to the distribution of electrical energy from renewable sources to small towns that do not have the service of the power grid, so it has been considered DC power of solar generation of 6 KW, using MATLAB as a simulation tool. For design validation purposes, a 90W two-axis autonomous photovoltaic solar module and a Buck charge regulator with MPPT control have been built. For the purpose of acquiring solar energy data, a DAQ-USB 6008 from National Instruments and LabVIEW has been used, and for control purposes Arduino Nano v3.0 has been used.

There are currently several industries, including the industries of maritime containers, gas, oil, among others, in these we find areas of difficult access, for example, confined environments, in these environments it is common that fatal accidents occur due to the presence of toxic gases, because they don't present a constant monitoring of the environment, to solve this, we propose a system that uses a local network that, with image processing, can detect toxic gases remotely. In this project, the reagents that adapt their properties and detection principles will be used to vary their color with respect to a specific gas, these colors will intensify according to the concentration of the gas in the environment, this will be captured by a chamber and processed in a microprocessor, which will allow the color of the reagent to be related to the percentage of the gas present in the environment.