Gynecological fistulae are a rare but severe complication of radiation therapy, pelvic surgery, prolonged labor, cesarean deliveries, or inflammatory bowel diseases. A gynecological fistula is an abnormal pathway formed between the urinary and gynecological tract, most commonly located between the urinary bladder and vagina. Vesico-uterine and vesicovaginal fistulae are an important health issue, common in women of reproductive age in developing countries with limited access to obstetrical care. Various surgical techniques have been described for VVF repair, depending on the location, severity, and cause of the fistula and the surgeon’s experience. The purpose of our review was to evaluate the present state of knowledge about the prevalence and treatment of gynecological fistulae. The PubMed scientific database was searched for original articles on the subject of gynecological fistulae that had been published between 2013 and 2023.

Background/Objectives: Chronic inflammation is a key factor in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). When COX-2 levels and PGE₂ production increase, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin (ASA) and selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib and rofecoxib, are commonly employed. This paper presents the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs, primarilyNSAIDs, on the incidence of CRC. Methods: A comprehensive literature search (119 articles) was conducted with databases such as PubMed. During our research, we used keywords such as colorectal cancer (CRC), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ASA, COX, precision oncology, and personalized medicine. Results: The development of CRC is primarily associated with chronic inflammation and the actions of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), which promote cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Anti-inflammatory drugs act by inhibiting the secretion of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which leads to reduced PGE₂ production and may limit tumor growth. Aspirin has the best-documented and studied anti-cancer effect; long-term use is associated with a reduced risk of CRC development and mortality through its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects, thereby limiting metastasis. Particularly beneficial effects are observed in patients with mutations in the PIK3CA gene. Factors influencing the effectiveness of CRC treatment include molecular differences and tumor location. Conclusions: The future of CRC treatment and prevention lies in personalized medicine, which accounts for each patient’s genetic profile. Decisions regarding NSAIDs use and CRC prevention should consider the potential benefits and risks of side effects.

Background: The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains the somata of primary sensory neurons. The structure of the DRG is important for understanding the mechanisms of several diseases (e.g., low back pain or sciatica) and the variability in the distribution of regional anesthesia. DRG is also highly sensitive to mechanical compression in radiculopathy. Neuromonitoring and neurostimulation technologies require appropriate electrode placement, which depends on the ganglion’s structure. According to certain reports, biganglia occur relatively frequently in the lumbar nerves. This study aimed to investigate the normal morphological features and variations of the human lumbar DRG. Materials and methods: Microanatomic dissections of the lumbar nerves were performed in 10 human cadavers fixed in 10% formalin (6 males and 4 females, aged 69–97 years). A total of 100 DRGs were analyzed morphologically. Results: Bilateral dissection of the DRG (L1–L5) revealed three types of structures: single ganglion, biganglion, and triganglion. Monoganglion was found most often at the levels of L1 and L2, while polyganglia, such as biganglion or triganglion, may be found at L2, L3, L4, or L5. Distinct layers of connective tissue separate independent ganglion components. In cases of transitional morphology, the division of ganglion components was partial. Conclusions: The presence of biganglion or triganglion might affect the quality of electrical stimulation of the DRG. The connective tissue between the ganglion components of a polyganglion might influence the spread of impulses. A classification of DRG morphology is proposed. Further research should clarify the distribution of dermatomal innervation of the ganglion components. Keywords: anatomy monoganglion biganglion triganglion posterior root of the spinal nerve dorsal root ganglion DRG ganglia spinalia GS

The influence of gaseous components of tobacco smoke, e-cigarettes, and air pollutants on the development of glomerulonephritis has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Glomerulonephritis (GN) often leads to progressive kidney damage and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is a global health problem. Genetic and autoimmune factors have been shown to contribute to their development. Yet, increasing attention is being given to environmental and lifestyle-related risk factors. This paper summarizes how specific substances found in tobacco smoke, e-cigarette smoke, and air pollutants contribute to the development and progression of GN. Particular emphasis is placed on substances such as formaldehyde, heavy metals, and particulate matter, which have been shown to trigger oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and endothelial dysfunction. A clear understanding of the contributions of those agents to kidney inflammation is crucial for developing preventive strategies and improving public health awareness. We also highlight gaps in current research and suggest directions for future investigation. Understanding consequences of cigarette smoking should be promoted to encourage people to reduce their exposure to cigarette smoke, which could prevent many diseases.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and mitral annular disjunction (MAD) are common comorbidities that can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Arrhythmic MVP is characterized by the presence of MVP with frequent (over 5% ventricular extra beats) and/or complex ventricular arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia (VT), non-sustained VT, or ventricular fibrillation in the absence of other causes of arrhythmia, e.g., post-infarction scar, recent ischemia, channelopathy, or cardiomyopathy. The mechanisms of the development of serious cardiac arrhythmias in patients with MVP and MAD are not fully understood. Arrhythmic MVP may be an indication for cardioverter defibrillator implantation. Considering the increased risk of SCD in this group of patients, the pathophysiology of this valvular dysfunction and characteristic deviations in diagnostic tests that indicate a higher risk of SCD are presented. The issue of tailored risk stratification in individual patients is crucial.