Alzheimer’s disease (AD)is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory decline and cognitive impairment .AD is common in people aged > 65 years, though most of AD cases are sporadic, which accounts for 95%, and 1–5% of AD is caused by familial causes . The causes of AD are aging, environmental toxins, and cardiometabolic factors that induce the degeneration of cholinergic neurons. It has been shown that the metabolic syndrome which is a clustering of dissimilar constituents including insulin resistance (IR), glucose intolerance, visceral obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Metabolic syndrome disapprovingly affects cognitive function and the development in AD by inducing the development of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and brain IR. These changes, together with brain IR, impair cerebrovascular reactivity causing cognitive impairment and dementia. Nevertheless, the fundamental mechanism by which metabolic syndrome persuades AD risk is not entirely explicated. Accordingly, this review aims to discuss the connotation between metabolic syndrome and AD. In conclusion, metabolic syndrome is regarded as a possible risk factor for the initiation of AD neuropathology by diverse signaling pathways such as brain IR, activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, defective proteostasis, and dysregulation of lipid mediators.

Background and Objectives: Diabetic complications represent a major healthcare challenge globally. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has one of the highest prevalence rates, yet comprehensive data on complication profiles from southern regions remain limited. This study characterizes the spectrum of diabetic complications and identifies associated risk factors in the Najran region of southern Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based retrospective analysis of 500 diabetic patients from two major public hospitals in the Najran region was conducted using electronic medical records from January 2022 to December 2023. A systematic sampling approach was adopted. Type 1 diabetes (T1D), Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and their complications were defined using standardized criteria. Data extraction utilized a validated proforma, and analysis employed SPSS version 20. Separate analyses were conducted for T1D and T2D, with multivariable logistic regression identifying independent predictors of complications (p < 0.05). Results: The study included 200 T1D (median age 14.0 years, IQR 3.0) and 300 T2D patients (median age 23.0 years, IQR 7.0). The high proportion of T1D patients (40%) reflects the hospital’s role as a specialized pediatric and young adult diabetes referral center. Among T1D patients, 63.5% (127/200) developed complications, predominantly microvascular, whereas 50.0% (150/300) developed complications in T2D. Poor glycemic control was the strongest predictor of complications in both groups (p = 0.01). Rural residence significantly increased complication risk in T2D patients (p = 0.02). Disease duration showed differential effects; complications appeared earlier in T1D (median 6.5 years) versus T2D (median 8.2 years). Conclusions: This study gives the first comprehensive analysis of diabetic complications from southern Saudi Arabia, revealing distinct patterns and associated risk factors. The findings provide regional perspective on diabetic complications in Najran, highlighting the importance of early glycemic control and equitable healthcare access. The results are not intended for nationwide generalization, rather, they point to the need for region-specific diabetes management strategies.

Pregnancy feto-maternal complications (PFMCs) contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality, with placental hypoxia as a key factor. Current methods for detecting fetal hypoxia are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the roles and biomarker potential of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, erythropoietin (EPO), and cell-free fetal hemoglobin (cf-HbF) in PFMCs. In a cross-sectional study, we quantitatively immunoassayed plasma levels of these biomarkers in 136 healthy pregnant women (age 29.618±5.19 years) and 118 women with complications (age 30.53±5.46 years) who had voluntarily consented and were enrolled sequentially and anonymously. Results indicated significantly higher biomarker levels in complicated pregnancies (P<0.001), with worsening trends for preeclampsia, ectopic pregnancy, abortion, gestational diabetes, and preterm labor with premature rupture of membranes. Only EPO levels showed pregnancy duration-dependent changes in healthy controls (encompassing 6 to 41 weeks; r=0.230, P=0.015). Strong correlations among the three biomarkers were found in both groups (r=0.402/P<0.001; r=0.724/P<0.001), with HIF-1α correlating with body mass index (BMI) in healthy controls (r=0.204/P=0.032). ROC analysis demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating between groups (P<0.001), with cf-HbF showing the highest performance (AUC=0.923), followed by HIF-1α (AUC=0.882) and EPO (AUC=0.826). In conclusion, HIF-1α, EPO, and cf-HbF were associated with PFMCs and showed promising potential as biomarkers for distinguishing healthy from complicated pregnancies, with cf-HbF being the most significant. Their high levels also pointed to hypoxic adaptation dysfunction and/or resistance, as a pathogenic culprit.

Interprofessional education (IPE) is being increasingly recognized globally as an essential component of healthcare curricula. Given the limited research o

Background/Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide and a leading cause of years lived with disability, particularly in low-income countries. In Egypt, the burden is substantial and compounded by regional socioeconomic, nutritional, and parasitic factors. Despite this, the predictors of diagnostic delay within the Egyptian healthcare system remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to quantify the extent of diagnostic delay among Egyptian patients with IDA and to identify the sociodemographic and clinical risk factors independently associated with prolonged time to diagnostic confirmation. Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted at Al-Minia University Hospital, Egypt, between March and April 2026, enrolling 350 adults with confirmed IDA diagnosed between 2015 and 2025. “Diagnostic delay” was defined as the interval in days from the index date (the first documented abnormal complete blood count) to laboratory confirmation of iron deficiency by serum ferritin and/or transferrin saturation. Secondary outcomes included patient delay, system/testing delay, and etiology work-up delay. Time-to-event analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression. All analyses were conducted in R version 4.4.0. Results: The cohort comprised 213 females (60.9%) and 137 males (39.1%), with a median age of 39 and 36 years, respectively. The median primary diagnostic delay was 76.0 days (IQR: 38.0, 182.8), with patient delay accounting for a median of 26.5 days and system/testing delay for 21.0 days. Overall, 155 patients (44.3%) experienced a diagnostic delay of more than 90 days. In the multivariable Cox model, urban residence (aHR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.53, 0.99], p = 0.045) was independently associated with a slower rate of diagnostic confirmation. Conclusions: Diagnostic delay in IDA is substantial in Egypt, driven by both patient-level symptom normalization and counterintuitive systemic bottlenecks. Urban residence was independently associated with prolonged time to diagnostic confirmation; ordering of iron studies at the first visit was associated with delay in bivariate analysis only and was not an independent predictor after multivariable adjustment. Targeted public health education, restructured primary care pathways, and improved laboratory turnaround times are essential to reduce this burden.