Nowadays, with increasing bacterial resistance, finding new antimicrobial agents to replace herbal remedies with less side effects than conventional drugs has provided. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro. In this experimental study, rosemary was prepared from Tabriz city and the essential oil was extracted after drying by water distillation using Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil components were identified by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Essential oil of 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 and 0.312% of essential oil was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Based on the results of GC-MS analysis, 19 compounds were identified, of which 1.8 Cineole and α-pinen had the highest essential oil composition. MIC and MBC of essential oils were obtained on S. aureus (0.625 and 1.25%) and E. coli (1.25 and 2.5%), respectively. The results of this study showed that rosemary essential oil has remarkable antibacterial activity and can be used as a suitable replacement for synthetic antibiotics.

Background: Vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting disorder characterized by the loss of functional melanocytes from the epidermis. Although the etiology of vitiligo is unknown, over the last few years, substantial data from clinical research have greatly supported the "Autoimmune theory." Vitiligo has two major forms: progressive and stable. As cytokines are important mediators of immunity, the most important of them are IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Objectives: We aimed to study the serum level of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in stable and progressive vitiligo and compared them to find a useful lab test to determine the form of vitiligo for diagnose and treatment. Materials and Methods: Serum IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α were done by the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 40 cases of stable and progressive vitiligo. Results: Twenty patients had progressive vitiligo and 20 patients were stable vitiligo. In every group, there were seven male patients. Twenty-one patients had a positive family history of vitiligo and four patients had other autoimmune diseases. The average age and familial history between two groups and two genders were not meaningful. The mean serum TNF-α level was significantly higher in progressive than stable vitiligo. No significant difference was observed in the serum levels of IL-2, IL-6 between stable and progressive vitiligo. The mean serum IL-6 and TNF-α had higher levels in male patients. Conclusion: Analysis of TNF-α levels in every age or gender can show us the type of vitiligo, stable or progressive and we can choose the best form of treatment for patients.

Context: Cervical cancer (CC) is a significant global health issue primarily associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. While most HPV infections resolve spontaneously, persistent infections can lead to chronic inflammation and the development of precancerous lesions. High-risk HPV types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, are notably linked to the majority of CC cases, establishing a clear causal relationship between HPV infection and CC through extensive epidemiological studies. Evidence Acquisition: The databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were utilized for the search. Papers without a time limit until 2024 were included, encompassing clinical studies, review articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The following keywords were systematically employed to identify relevant publications for this comprehensive review: "HPV", "pathogenesis", "immune response", "immune evasion", "cervical cancer", "diagnostic methods", "prevention", and "treatment". Results: The study reveals that while most HPV infections are transient, persistent infections significantly elevate the risk of developing CC over time. Screening methods such as Pap smears and HPV vaccination are crucial for early detection and prevention. The incorporation of sensitive biomarkers for early-stage detection is essential for effective management of CC. Conclusions: Cervical cancer is largely preventable, highlighting the need for increased awareness and access to vaccination and screening programs to reduce incidence and mortality rates globally. Ongoing research into HPV's pathogenicity is vital for developing targeted prevention strategies against CC.

Background: Exosomes are extracellular cells (EVs) emancipated by various cell types and are involved in cell-to-cell transmission. In cancer diseases, exosomes emerge as local and systemic cells to cell mediators of oncogenic information and play a significant role in the advancement of cancer through the horizontal transfer of various molecules, such as proteins and miRNAs.

Alternative treatments are becoming more and more necessary due to the increasing growth in medication resistance to synthetic antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial capabilities of an extract from Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) against a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Z. multiflora plants were collected from the natural resources of Isfahan province and verified as Z. multiflora by botanists from the Agricultural Jihad Organization. Methanolic extract of Z. multiflora was prepared, and its effects were tested at concentrations of 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, and 400 mg/ml using the well diffusion and disk diffusion methods on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Minimum inhibitory concentration of bacterial growth and minimum bacterial pathogen concentration (MIC/MBC) were determined through dilution in tubes. The outcomes showed that both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were significantly inhibited by the methanolic extract of Z. multiflora. The MBC/MIC analysis revealed that S. aureus was the most sensitive, while E. coli was the least sensitive to the Z. multiflora extract. The study shows the potential of the methanolic extract from Z. multiflora against various pathogenic bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative ones. It suggests it could be a viable alternative to synthetic antibiotics, especially in the face of antibiotic resistance. Further research is needed to understand its mechanisms, optimize extract preparation, and explore its clinical applications..

This research aims to identify the antibacterial properties of medicinal plants, which are crucial in traditional medicine due to their natural origin and high safety. Nine medicinal plants from East Azerbaijan Province were gathered for experimental-laboratory investigation, with essential oils extracted and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis used to identify active components. Additionally, methanolic extracts were prepared at different concentrations using the Soxhlet method, and their effects on bacteria were evaluated through the agar well diffusion method, as well as MIC and MBC tests. At 400 mg mL-1, all plant extracts in this investigation exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity. When it came to Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, the antibacterial activity of all plant extracts was noticeably greater than that of Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita L., Rosa damascena, and Peganum harmala showed the strongest effects against Gram-positive bacteria, according to an evaluation of MIC and MBC values. The findings show that all plant methanolic extracts exhibit strong antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria and may be viable therapeutic options. Furthermore, the essential oils of the plants under study included 209 different chemicals. Keywords: medicinal plants; antibacterial activity; pathogenic bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria; Gram-negative bacteria.