This study aimed to investigate the utilization of cold-pressed chia-seed oil by-products (CSOB) in a low-fat ice cream formulation as a fat replacer and stabilizer. In the study, ice cream emulsion mixtures were formulated by using 0.2–0.4% xanthan gum (XG), 2.5–12.5% fat, and 1–3% CSOB. Optimization was performed using the response surface methodology (RSM) and full factorial central composite design (CCD) based on the flow behavior rheological properties of the emulsions obtained from 17 different experimental points. All of the emulsion samples showed non-Newtonian shear-thinning flow behavior. The consistency coefficient (Κ) values of the emulsion samples were found to be 4.01–26.05 Pasⁿ and were significantly affected by optimization parameters (p < 0.05). The optimum formulation was determined as 0.29% XG, 2.5% CSOB, 2.5% fat. The low-fat (LF-IC) and full-fat control samples (FF-IC) were compared to samples produced with an optimum formulation (CBLF-IC) based on the steady shear, frequency sweep, and 3-ITT (three interval thixotropy test) rheological properties, thermal properties, emulsion stability, light microscope images, and sensory quality. CBLF-IC showed similar rheological behavior to FF-IC. The mix of CBLF-IC showed higher emulsion stability and lower poly-dispersity index (PDI) value and fat globule diameters than those of FF-IC and LF-IC. The thermal properties of the samples were significantly affected by the addition of CSOB in an ice cream mix. CBLF-IC exhibited a lower temperature range (ΔT), enthalpy of fusion (ΔH_f), and freezing point temperature (T_f) than those of FF-IC and LF-IC. While CBLF-IC exhibited a higher overrun value than other samples, it showed similar sensory properties to the FF-IC sample. The results of this study suggested that CSOB could be used successfully in low-fat ice cream production. This study also has the potential to gain new perspectives for the evaluation of CSOB as a fat substitute in a low-fat ice cream.

The cold-pressed pumpkin seed oil by-product (POB) was evaluated for its application as a natural fat substitute and stabilizer in the reduced-fat salad dressings. For this aim, the samples were prepared by combining the xanthan gum (0.2–0.4 g/100 g), POB (1.0–5.0 g/100 g), egg yolk powder (3 g/100 g), and sunflower oil (10–30 g/100 g) in 17 different formulations. The optimization was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) and full factorial central composite design (CCD). Results showed that all samples presented the shear-thinning (or pseudoplastic) flow behavior with 3.75–16.11 Pa·sⁿ and 0.18–0.30, K and n values, respectively. The flow behavior rheological data were fitted to a power-law model (R² > 0.99). The samples with high POB and low oil content showed similar K and n values compared to high oil content samples. Additionally, the dynamic rheological properties and three interval thixotropic test (3-ITT) were determined. The G′ value was larger than G″ in all frequency ranges, indicating viscoelastic solid characteristics in all samples. The optimum formulation was determined as 0.384% XG, 10% oil, and 3.04% POB. The samples prepared with the optimum formulation (POBLF-SD) were compared to low-fat (LF-SD), and high-fat (HF-SD) control salad dressing samples based on the rheological properties, emulsion stability, oxidative stability, zeta potential, and particle size. The oxidation kinetic parameters namely, IP, E_a, ΔS⁺⁺, and ΔG⁺⁺ showed that the oxidative stability of salad dressing samples could be improved by enriched by POB. The results of the present study demonstrated that POB could be considerably utilized as a natural fat substitute and stabilizer in salad dressing type emulsions.

Bu çalışma kiraz çekirdeği yağının fizikokimyasal özellikleri (PV, FFA, toplam fenolik madde ve antioksidan aktivite), yağ asidi, sterol, tokoferol ve fenolik bileşen kompozisyonunu belirlenmesini amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan kiraz çekirdeği yağı soğuk presleme yöntemiyle eld edilmiştir. Kiraz çekirdeği yağının PV ve FFA değerleri sırasıyla 1.40 meqO2/kg ve 2.71 % olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kiraz çekirdeği yağının görünür viskozite değeri 0.057 Pa.s olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kiraz çekirdeği yağının TPC ve AC değerleri sırasıyla 22.17 mg/kg ve 1.05 TE μM g-1. Kiraz çekirdeği yağının doymamış yağ asitleri miktarı doymuş yağ aside miktarından daha yüksek olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yağın tekli doymamış yağ asitleri miktarı (%40.50) çoklu doymaış yağ asitleri miktarından (%52.03) daha az çıkmıştır. Oleik ve linoleic asit major yağ asitleri olarak tespit edilmiş ve değerleri %36.73 ve %39.45 olarak bulunmuştur. 14 farklı bitkisel sterol tanımlanmıştır. -sitosterol %88.93 oranıyla en yüksek miktarda tespit edilen steroldür. -sitosterolden sonra Kampesterol (3.12%), 7-stigmasterol (2.48%), 5-avenasterol (2.12%) ve sitostanol (1.42%) yüksek miktarda tespit edilen sterollerdir. Diğer steroller az miktarda tespit edilmiştir (<%1). , ,  and  olmak üzere 4 farklı tokoferol kiraz çekirdeği yağının karakterizasyonu için tanımlanmıştır. - tokoferol (%96.72) major olarak tespit edilmiştir. -tokoferolü -tocopherols (57.40 mg/kg) ve  tocopherols takip etmiştir. - düşük oranda tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma kiraz çekirdeği yağının yüksek biyoaktif madde içermesi ve düşük PV ve FFA değerlerinden dolayı gıda sanaayinde kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.