Despite regulatory advances, there continues to be a high accident rate on construction sites, especially on road projects, mainly due to the lack of organization of safety information. Although there is research demonstrating the benefits of the BIM methodology for improving occupational safety, its scope is still limited. This study addresses the integration of occupational health and safety in road projects using the BIM methodology, in line with ISO 19650-1, proposing a standardization framework based on ISO 7817-1:2024. The concept of Level of Information for Safety and Health (LOINSH) is introduced, structured into four categories (100, 200, 300, and 350), which allows risks to be managed progressively throughout the project’s life cycle. The framework defines graphical and alphanumeric requirements for BIM objects, establishing sets of parameters recognized by the open IFC format to ensure interoperability and traceability. It also proposes a system for assessing risks associated with activities and disciplines, facilitating preventive decisions from the design stage onwards. The results indicate that this standardization improves communication and collaboration between agents, reduces workplace accidents, and can be applied to other types of construction works.

Manual checking of BIM information requirements before asset handover remains a labor-intensive, error-prone, and weakly traceable bottleneck in BIM-enabled digital twin workflows. This study presents an automated pre-handover validation workflow for sensor information requirements in municipal wastewater treatment plants based on extended-aeration activated sludge, replacing a manual BIM information-checking task in BIM-to-AIM delivery. The method instantiates purpose-driven requirements through the Level of Information Need, compiles them into executable Information Delivery Specification (IDS) rules, and verifies completeness, controlled vocabularies, and logical consistency before asset information model (AIM) delivery. It generates two validation outputs: a human-readable Validation Report and a machine-readable IDS. In a representative run, the workflow processed 236 requirements, detected 33 inconsistencies (14.0%), and completed core validation in 109.4 ms with SHA-256 traceability. Replication across 15 additional matrices totaling 21,830 requirements confirmed replicability across heterogeneous requirement sets and supported auditable BIM-to-AIM handover for digital twin readiness in critical water infrastructure.

The generation of explosive atmospheres (ATEX) is a relevant safety issue in wastewater treatment plants, where methane accumulation may create hazardous conditions. Although regulatory frameworks exist, their practical assessment remains difficult when based on conventional two-dimensional analysis. This study develops and applies a BIM-based methodology for ATEX risk assessment in wastewater treatment plant design. The approach combines structured safety parameters, automated calculation, and three-dimensional representation of hazardous volumes within a digital workflow. A 3D model of the facility was developed in Autodesk Revit, incorporating dedicated parameters for safety data management and a Dynamo-based connection between the BIM model and a spreadsheet used for risk calculation. The methodology was applied to the sludge dewatering room of a wastewater treatment plant in Coria, Spain. Emission and ignition sources were identified, and the volumes associated with flammable gas release were generated directly in the BIM environment, enabling the analysis of their interaction with potential ignition sources. The resulting model supports scenario simulation and facilitates design review and maintenance planning. The proposed methodology improves the traceability of safety-related decisions during design and provides a practical digital approach for ATEX-informed assessment in wastewater treatment infrastructure.

This study characterizes the efficient preliminary-design domain of activated-sludge secondary treatment (ST) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by integrating geometric, economic, and environmental criteria. A parametric Building Information Modeling (BIM) workflow in Revit-Dynamo was coupled with Generative Design (GD) and the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to minimize direct construction cost and embodied CO2-eq over life-cycle modules A1-A5, while independently maximizing the installed useful volumes of the biological reactor (BR) and secondary clarifier (SC). The analysis varied population equivalent (PE), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), geometry, and modularity, limited to two BRs and two SCs. Three random-seed runs generated 340, 323, and 295 non-dominated solutions. The reference run occupied an observed non-dominated domain of approximately 1800-5800 PE and 89.7-256.9 g BOD/PE·day, comprising a region predominantly occupied by 1 BR configurations, a modular coexistence and transition band, and a region without observed non-dominated solutions under the adopted bounds. Cost and CO2-eq were almost perfectly coupled across seeds, with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9978 to 0.9980; BOD showed a stronger association with CO2-eq/PE than PE; and the BR contributed 88.08-89.64% of ST embodied CO2-eq. The workflow provides a traceable decision domain whose empirical envelopes characterize the explored solution space rather than universal feasibility limits.