Although referees who officiate in the amateur football leagues are exposed to various stressors that can negatively affect their mental health (MH), little is known about their MH symptoms. The purpose of the study was to evaluate MH symptoms of referees who officiate in the Turkish amateur football leagues. An online survey was sent to all referees in the Turkish amateur football leagues (n = 4,900) incorporating standardized scales assessing depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 1,279 referees participated in the study. Female referees reported higher depression (p < .01) and anxiety (p = .02) scores than males. Younger referees (23–27 years) reported higher depression (p = .01) and anxiety (p < .01) scores than older (>38 years) referees. Results showed that symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress scores were associated with marital status (being single), lower incomes, severe sports injury history, and inadequate social support. In light of these results, MH assessments should be undertaken to detect which referees are at greater risk of MH problems and facilitate appropriate and timely MH interventions. Further study is needed to inform MH risk reduction strategies and/or programming.

İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayın Projesi

The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence, mechanisms and anatomic sites of injuries of the Turkish National Men's Football Team over six years. The affected anatomic site, incidence rate, type of injury, and applied treatment procedures were recorded by the medical staff. Official and friendly games and training sessions over the period January 2000 - December 2005 were documented daily. Cross- tabulation, frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, and chi-square test methods were used in statistical evaluations. In total, 52 official and friendly games were played and 208 training sessions were conducted. The total number of injuries recorded in this period was 108, and the averages per match and training were 1.0 and 0.27, respectively. The most commonly affected anatomic site was the thigh (25%), the most common injury type was contusion (32%) and the most common applied treatment procedure was physical therapy and rehabilitation (89.8%). Our results provide valuable information about the incidence, affected anatomical site, and type and severity of injuries in football. This study can serve as reference data for future scientific studies in the field, and also provides information regarding the prevention of injuries.

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of the acute application of foam roller and massage gun, which are self-myofascial techniques, on muscle architecture and muscle stiffness. 27 male athletes participated in the study. Within the scope of the study, the athletes were randomly divided into 3 groups as 1st group foam roller (FR), 2nd group massage gun (MG), 3rd group as control group (CG) and muscle architecture and muscle stiffness (MS) were evaluated as a result of acute exercise. Muscle stiffness (MS) muscle thickness (MT), cross-sectional area (CSA), and pennate angles (PA) of the subjects were measured by ultrasound. The measurement results were tested with repeated measures two-way Anova test analysis of variance in the SPSS program, and significance was accepted as p<0.05. When the measurement results of MS, PA, and MT were examined, no significant difference was observed in the FR, MG, and CG pre-test and post-test (p= 0.94). In the pretest and posttest results of the CSA of the muscle, a decrease was observed in the FR group and an increase in the MG group (p=0.03). In conclusion; shows that muscle thickness,pennation angle, and muscle stiffness do not change after acute self-myofascial relaxations and that foam roller and massage gun do not have superiority over each other. The cross-sectional area decreased after the foam roller application and increased after the massage gun.

Objectives: We aimed to show the effect of surgical mask use on pulmonary functions in healthy healthcare workers at different physical activity levels. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included healthy and active sports physicians and sports physiotherapists. Participants were subjected to respiratory function tests and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂ ) measurements at rest and after the non-inclined treadmill activities at constant speeds of 3 km/h and 6.5 km/h with a surgical mask. Results: SpO₂ measurements taken immediately after the participants’ physical activities at a speed of 6.5 km/h were significantly lower than the basal SpO₂ measurements (p=0.045) as well as 1^st second of forced expiration (FEV₁ )/forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV₁ /FVC% in pulmonary function test measurements were significantly higher than baseline measurements (p=0.005; p=0.012, respectively). The flow velocity value in the last quarter of the forced expiration (FEF75) and its percentile were (FEF%75) found to be significantly higher than the measurements taken at rest after walking at 6.5 km/h (p=0.005 vs. p=0.004, respectively). The differences between the ERV values obtained after the participants’ physical activities at two speeds (3 km/h vs. 6.5 km/h) were significant (p=0.045). Conclusion: Using surgical masks by health workers while performing their low-moderate occupational activities may cause changes in respiratory parameters due to the microenvironment formed in the mask and increased respiratory resistance.