Background: The occurrence and distribution of diseases result from the interaction between biological, environmental, economic, and social factors. Although Mexico has made significant progress in the health sector, there are several problems associated with the social determinants of health, which are linked to social factors such as gender, age, income, and schooling, among others. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between socio-demographic factors with the main reasons for medical care among patients seen at a public healthcare institution in Mexico City. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study in which the clinical records of 1,018 adult patients who attended any of the services provided by a public healthcare institution in Mexico City between August and December 2023 were examined. Results: The odds of seeking medical care for neoplastic diseases were lower in men, among patients with their own home, with balanced economic status and surplus, but higher in people aged 40 years and older, in those with fewer intra-household and public services in their homes. Conclusions: Strategies for prevention, management, and control of chronic and infectious diseases need to consider social inequalities, addressing the determinants of health to generate a significant impact on the health of the population.

Background The study of spirituality has gained importance, as it correlates with mental health and coping strategies, particularly at times of vulnerability. Spirituality could therefore contribute to the development of interventions to improve people’s quality of life. Experts often base the development of interventions and treatments on instruments measuring constructs such as spiritual well-being, which requires validated, reliable instruments. Objective. This scoping review sought to summarize the evidence in the literature on the instruments available to assess spirituality in different groups and evaluate the content and psychometric properties of these instruments. Method. A search was conducted on PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Elsevier, Springer, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, using a combination of keywords such as “spirituality,” “validation study,” and “psychometrics.” The search was restricted to studies published in English and Spanish from January 2013 to March 2023. Results. Sixty-four studies were included in this review. Two categories of analysis were established, the first being constructs related to spirituality and instruments for their measurement, in which a total of 22 conceptual constructs were found. The second was the validity and reliability of the instruments, in which it was found that most studies only assessed construct validity. Discussion and conclusion. Given the complexity of the phenomenon, many instruments lack conceptual boundaries, resulting in similarities between items in instruments measuring different constructs. Determining the attributes and dimensions for the accurate measurement of spirituality is essential.

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre los factores sociodemográficos y el estilo de vida con la presencia de obesidad abdominal en la adolescencia media en Hidalgo, México. Método: Estudio transversal analítico, realizado en una muestra no probabilística de 172 adolescentes de 15 a 18 años y de ambos sexos. Los factores sociodemográficos se identificaron mediante un cuestionario de datos generales. La información del estilo de vida se obtuvo con el cuestionario Perfil de Estilo de Vida, integrado por seis dimensiones: nutrición, ejercicio, responsabilidad en salud, manejo del estrés, soporte interpersonal y autoactualización. Se midió la circunferencia de cintura y se calcularon los percentiles para la edad y sexo de cada participante; quienes presentaron un percentil de circunferencia de cintura ≥90 se consideraron con presencia de obesidad abdominal. Las asociaciones se evaluaron mediante modelos de regresión logística ajustados por confusores. Resultados principales: El 22,5% de los participantes presentó obesidad abdominal. La posibilidad de presentar dicha afección fue mayor en las mujeres (razón de momios ajustada [RMa]=2,46; valor p=0,02) y en adolescentes cuyos padres RMa=2,25; valor p=0,04) y madres (RM= 2,97; valor p=0,01) tuvieron escolaridad de secundaria o menos. Además, los adolescentes con estilo de vida global no saludable tuvieron más posibilidades de presentar obesidad abdominal (RMa= 5,69; valor p=0,01). Conclusión general: El sexo, la escolaridad de los padres y el estilo de vida global se asociaron con mayor posibilidad de presentar obesidad abdominal durante la adolescencia media en población mexicana.

Background/Objectives: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) remain a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet early-life reproductive factors such as age at menarche have been insufficiently explored in relation to HDP. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between age at menarche and the risk of HDP in a cohort of Mexican pregnant women. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 1344 women with singleton pregnancies receiving care at a tertiary hospital in Mexico City in 2024. Age at menarche was categorized as 14 years. HDP diagnoses were extracted from clinical records. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate adjusted risk ratios (RRs). Sensitivity analyses included alternative menarche categorizations and restricted cubic spline models. Counterfactual mediation analyses assessed indirect effects through reconstructed prepregnancy BMI and gestational diabetes. Results: Both early (14 years) menarche were associated with higher HDP risk than the 12–14-year reference (adjusted RR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.42–2.30, and 1.74; 95% CI 1.27–2.38, respectively). Spline models confirmed a U-shaped association. Mediation analyses indicated that prepregnancy BMI did not meaningfully mediate the association for either early or late menarche (<5% mediated). Gestational diabetes explained a modest proportion of the association for early menarche (≈14%), but not for late menarche. Conclusions: Age at menarche showed a robust U-shaped association with HDP, mostly independent of adiposity and gestational diabetes, within the limits of the available measurements. Incorporating pubertal timing into routine reproductive history taking may enhance contextual risk assessment for HDP.

Las actividades antropogénicas han contribuido a la rápida degradación del medio ambiente, lo cual conlleva un riesgo importante para la salud de las personas a escala mundial. Los riñones presentan una gran sensibilidad a las características del entorno de las personas, por lo que aspectos como la contaminación, la escasez de agua o el calentamiento global, son vías mediante las cuales el deterioro ambiental pueden repercutir sobre la salud renal. Debido a que la enfermedad renal suele desarrollarse de manera paulatina sin presentar manifestaciones clínicas en las primeras etapas, resulta importante conocer los potenciales factores asociados a su aparición con la intención de poder emprender medidas preventivas especialmente en poblaciones con mayor riesgo de exposición a dichos factores. Por tal motivo, este manuscrito presenta una revisión narrativa acerca de los posibles causantes de enfermedad renal derivados del deterioro del medio ambiente.

Objetivo. Resumir la evidencia científica sobre las altera­ciones renales asociadas con la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión rápida con la metodología Cochrane. Resultados. La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) preexistente en pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 varió de 1 a 38% y la lesión renal aguda (LRA), de 2.9 a 86.4%. El pronóstico de la infección fue peor en pacientes con ERC y en aquellos con reserva renal remanente (RRR) intacta que desarrollaron LRA. El riesgo de muerte fue mayor (riesgo relativo combinado = 1.49; IC95%: 1.09-2.04) en pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2 con ERC preexistente. Los mar­cadores de RRR mostraron alteraciones en pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 graves y fatales; el marcador más utilizado fue la creatinina sérica. Conclusiones. La evidencia científica muestra la relevancia de la evaluación y monitoreo perma­nente de la RRR en pacientes hospitalizados por SARS-CoV-2 para mejorar el pronóstico de aquellos con ERC preexistente, así como de aquellos sin ERC que desarrollan LRA.