Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical threat to global health, undermining the efficacy of modern medicine. The escalating global epidemic of AMR jeopardizes the efficacy of contemporary medicine and undermines health systems globally. The swift, precise, and scalable identification of resistance determinants is essential for containment and stewardship initiatives; yet, existing surveillance techniques are constrained by time, expense, and accessibility. Recent advancements in biosensor technology and artificial intelligence (AI) provide a revolutionary approach to decentralized, intelligent AMR monitoring. This review consolidates recent advancements in biosensor platforms-encompassing electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, paper-based, and nanomaterial-based modalities-and their incorporation with AI and machine learning techniques for improved detection, signal interpretation, and predictive analytics. This study investigates the utilization of hybrid systems in clinical, veterinary, and environmental settings under the One Health surveillance framework. The research also examines the integration of AI-enabled biosensors within digital and Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks, emphasizing its capacity to produce real-time, data-intensive insights for public health decision-making. Critical analysis is conducted on key problems, including sensor repeatability, data scarcity, algorithmic transparency, and regulatory adaptation, in conjunction with socioeconomic and ethical considerations. The report delineates prospective avenues for research, policy, and implementation, highlighting open data standards, equitable access, and interdisciplinary collaboration. These breakthroughs collectively indicate the emergence of AI-driven biosensing networks, which provide predictive, adaptive, and globally coordinated AMR surveillance.

As Nigeria undergoes demographic transition, the growing proportion of older adults has led to a rising burden of cancer in this age group, highlighting the urgent need for specialized geriatric oncology services. Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents transformative opportunities to improve cancer care through enhanced early detection, individualized treatment planning, and remote patient monitoring. These capabilities are particularly valuable in managing the complex health needs of older adults. This paper explores the dual role of AI in Nigeria's geriatric oncology landscape—as both a promising solution and a source of new challenges. Key barriers include limited digital infrastructure, a shortage of AI-trained healthcare professionals, low digital literacy among older adults, socioeconomic inequalities, and the absence of robust regulatory and ethical frameworks. To address these challenges, the paper outlines a strategic roadmap for equitable AI integration in geriatric oncology. Recommended actions include: developing national digital health and AI governance policies, expanding digital and broadband infrastructure, incorporating AI training into medical education and community outreach, supporting local AI innovation through public-private partnerships, and embedding ethical safeguards to minimize algorithmic bias and ensure inclusivity. By adopting these strategies, Nigeria can leverage AI to improve cancer outcomes for its aging population and build a more inclusive, responsive healthcare system.

Climate change is changing how emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) spread over the world. The ecological conditions in which diseases, vectors, and hosts interact are changing because of rising temperatures, shifting patterns of rainfall, and increasingly frequent extreme weather events. This narrative review compiles existing research on climate-sensitive infectious illnesses and elucidates the principal mechanisms influencing observed changes. Food- and water-borne illnesses (e.g., cholera, leptospirosis) are increasingly linked to droughts, floods, and disruptions in infrastructure. Vector-borne diseases like dengue, chikungunya, malaria, and Lyme disease are spreading to highland and temperate areas. At the same time, zoonotic spillovers like Ebola, Nipah, and SARS-CoV-2 are happening more commonly in areas where the ecosystem has been altered. New worries are thermotolerant fungal infections and microorganisms that live in permafrost. This review does not offer new epidemiological modelling; instead, it puts recent Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimates into context. These estimates reveal that the burden of infectious diseases is rising in regions that are sensitive to climate change, including sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America. Weak surveillance systems, health disparities caused by climate change, and broken data streams are some of the biggest gaps in response. Improvements in AI-based forecasting, satellite surveillance, pathogen genomes, and One Health methods provide useful tools for taking action before something happens. It is important to build public health systems that are climate-responsive, transdisciplinary, and fair in order to reduce the growing dangers posed by infectious illnesses connected to climate change.

Mental health issues among older adults in Nigeria remain significantly under-recognized, despite high rates of depression, dementia, and anxiety. This study employed a thematic literature review methodology to synthesize peer-reviewed research, national reports, and qualitative studies examining cultural, systemic, and structural barriers to mental health care in this population. Sources were analyzed across five core themes: stigma, help-seeking behavior, health system limitations, economic access, and intervention strategies. Findings reveal that stigma—rooted in beliefs about witchcraft, spiritual affliction, and moral failure—intersects with public, self, and structural forms to discourage biomedical help-seeking. Many older adults rely on traditional healers and prayer camps, which often delay or replace evidence-based care. These cultural factors are compounded by systemic barriers such as underfunded services, workforce shortages, fragmented infrastructure, and limited implementation of policies like the 2021 Mental Health Act. Financial constraints and the exclusion of psychiatric care from insurance schemes further restrict access, especially in rural areas. Despite these challenges, emerging interventions show promise. Community-based education, integration of mental health into primary care using WHO’s mhGAP guidelines, and partnerships between traditional and biomedical providers represent scalable, culturally aligned solutions. However, many of these efforts remain under-evaluated.This review concludes that addressing older adults’ mental health in Nigeria requires culturally responsive, community-driven strategies, supported by effective policy implementation. Research gaps include the lack of age- and gender-specific data, limited evaluations of integrated models, and underexplored digital and community-based solutions. Targeted research and reform are urgently needed to protect this vulnerable population.

This systematic review evaluated the comparative effectiveness of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole (Asp+Dp) versus clopidogrel in preventing recurrent ischemic stroke. Three eligible studies were included, enrolling a total of 21,752 participants with a cumulative follow-up of 32 months. Many participants were recruited from the large-scale PROFESS trial (20,332 participants). Intervention dosing consisted of aspirin 25 mg combined with extended-release dipyridamole 200 mg administered twice daily, while the comparator was clopidogrel 75 mg once daily. In the PROFESS trial, recurrent stroke occurred in 916 patients (9.0%) in the Asp+Dp group and 898 patients (8.8%) in the clopidogrel group. The combined risk of recurrent stroke or major haemorrhagic events was comparable between groups, affecting 1,194 participants (11.7%) receiving Asp+Dp and 1,156 participants (11.4%) receiving clopidogrel. With respect to antiplatelet activity, one randomised pilot study demonstrated that Asp+Dp was associated with a delayed but significant reduction in the expression of several activation-dependent platelet receptors. Conversely, clopidogrel monotherapy was associated with earlier and more potent antiplatelet activity. Clinically, these study findings suggest that clopidogrel exerts more potent and earlier antiplatelet effects, whereas Asp+Dp produces broader but delayed downregulation of multiple platelet activation pathways. Regarding functional outcome recurrence, mortality, bleeding risk, or serious adverse events in patients with acute, mild ischemic stroke, no significant differences were observed between Asp+Dp and clopidogrel, with both regimens being practical and feasible for clinical use. In conclusion, while both therapies demonstrate comparable clinical effectiveness, further research is warranted to evaluate their long-term impact on quality of life in patients with ischemic stroke.

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is an uncommon yet clinically important cause of upper intestinal obstruction, occurring when the third segment of the duodenum is compressed between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta, typically due to loss of the mesenteric fat pad that narrows the aorto-mesenteric angle and decreases the distance, most commonly following substantial weight loss. We present the case of a 52-year-old woman who developed persistent vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and significant unintentional weight loss. Initial blood tests, stool studies, and endoscopic evaluation did not reveal any abnormalities. However, contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen revealed significant narrowing of the space between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, along with a decreased vascular angle consistent with the diagnosis of SMA syndrome. She was managed conservatively with nutritional support, dietary modification, and postural therapy, resulting in gradual symptomatic improvement. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of SMA syndrome and the importance of considering it in patients with unexplained weight loss and gastrointestinal obstruction symptoms, particularly when endoscopy is normal. Early recognition and radiological confirmation are crucial to guide appropriate management. Conservative treatment remains first-line, with surgery reserved for refractory cases. Maintaining a high index of suspicion for SMA syndrome is essential when evaluating patients with unexplained weight loss and persistent gastrointestinal symptoms.