Gastric cancer is characterized by high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early-stage gastric cancer is mainly treated with surgery, while for advanced gastric cancer, the current treatment options remain insufficient. In the 2022 NCCN Guidelines for Gastric Cancer, immunotherapy is listed as a first-line option for certain conditions. Immunotherapy for gastric cancer mainly targets the PD-1 molecule and achieves therapeutic effects by activating T cells. In addition, therapeutic strategies targeting other molecules, such as CTLA4, LAG3, Tim3, TIGIT, and OX40, have also been developed to improve the treatment efficacy of gastric cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the molecular biomarkers of gastric cancer immunotherapy and their clinical trials.

This article aims to provide an overview of research hotspots and trends in exercise and the gut microbiome, a field which has recently gained increasing attention. The relevant publications on exercise and the gut microbiome were identified from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The publication types were limited to articles and reviews. VOSviewer 1.6.18 (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands) and the R package “bibliometrix” (R Foundation: Vienna, Austria) were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis. A total of 327 eligible publications were eventually identified, including 245 original articles and 82 reviews. A time trend analysis showed that the number of publications rapidly increased after 2014. The leading countries/regions in this field were the USA, China, and Europe. Most of the active institutions were from Europe and the USA. Keyword analysis showed that the relationship between disease, the gut microbiome, and exercise occurs throughout the development of this field of research. The interactions between the gut microbiota, exercise, status of the host’s internal environment, and probiotics, are important facets as well. The research topic evolution presents a trend of multidisciplinary and multi-perspective comprehensive analysis. Exercise might become an effective intervention for disease treatment by regulating the gut microbiome. The innovation of exercise-centered lifestyle intervention therapy may become a significant trend in the future.

Tumor immunotherapy has been widely used in clinical treatment of various cancers. However, some patients of these cancers do not respond to immunotherapy effectively. And H. pylori infection has been considered to be related to the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review aims to summarize the different effects and mechanisms of H. pylori infection on immunotherapy in different kinds of cancers. We searched the relevant literature on H. pylori and tumor immunotherapy, and summarized to form a review. Generally, H. pylori infection plays a role in affecting kinds of cancers’ development, besides gastric cancer. Current evidence suggests that H. pylori infection may reduce the efficacy of immunotherapy for colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma, but due to the lack of sufficient evidence, more data is needed to prove that. While for gastric cancer, the effects remain controversial. The H. pylori regulation effects and metabolisms involved in systematic related cancers should be paid attention to. Whether H. pylori should be eradicated when immunotherapy performed may be a critical consideration for some kinds of tumors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been shown to improve survival in patients with advanced or metastatic esophageal cancer. However, ICI‐based rechallenges after recovery from fatal adverse events (AEs) are equivocal, especially in patients who have already undergone treatment‐related AEs. In this study, we report the case of a patient with advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) who developed a treatment‐related tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) after two cycles of ICI administration, provided in combination with traditional chemotherapeutics. After spontaneous healing of the TEF, the patient was again treated with ICIs and achieved a durable clinical response without any signs of fistula recurrence. Successful ICI‐based rechallenges after fistula healing have rarely been reported. Therefore, ICI‐based rechallenge in patients with esophageal cancer having an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0–1 after serious AEs may serve as a clinically viable treatment strategy that should be administered under close monitoring.