Groin pain is a common and multifactorial condition in athletes, leading to performance impairment and a reduction in participation in sports. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesise risk factors for groin pain in athletes. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was conducted from inception to May 2025. Observational studies were included, and the risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-E tool. Due to heterogeneity across studies, a narrative synthesis was performed. Eight retrospective cohort studies comprising 4249 male athletes from various sports met the inclusion criteria. The most consistent risk factors were a previous history of groin injury, reduced eccentric hip adduction strength, limited hip rotation, and inadequate preseason conditioning. Additional contributors included participation in Olympic weightlifting as part of sport-specific conditioning, playing in skill-specific positions, and the presence of subclinical symptoms, with associations ranging from moderate to high. The overall quality of evidence was low to moderate, with confounding and outcome measurement being the most frequent sources of bias. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of groin pain and underscore the need for individualised screening, early detection, and preventive approaches. Future research should prioritise prospective designs, standardised diagnostic criteria, and inclusion of female athletes to improve clinical applicability.

Background: Gait retraining has been proposed as a strategy to modify running biomechanics and reduce symptoms in runners with patellofemoral pain (PFP). However, review-level evidence remains heterogeneous regarding clinical effects, biomechanical mechanisms, and preventive applicability. Objectives: To critically evaluate the methodological quality and synthesise review-level evidence on gait retraining for the management of patellofemoral pain (PFP) in runners while secondarily summarising preventive findings when available. Methods: Umbrella review conducted in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and reported according to PRISMA 2020. PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2026, complemented by manual searches. Systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis) and structured narrative reviews investigating gait retraining in runners were included. Clinical conclusions were prioritised from reviews focused on symptomatic runners with patellofemoral pain, whereas broader biomechanical or preventive evidence was interpreted contextually. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews and SANRA for narrative reviews. Results: Eight reviews were included: five systematic reviews and three narrative or mixed-methods reviews. AMSTAR-2 rated four systematic reviews as high quality and one as low quality, while SANRA rated two narrative or mixed-methods as high quality and one as good quality. Gait retraining strategies primarily involved increasing cadence by 5–10%, reducing vertical impact through soft-landing cues, modifying foot-strike pattern, and auditory or visual biofeedback, usually delivered progressively with gradual feedback withdrawal. The most consistent findings related to short-term improvements in pain and function and reductions in selected loading-related biomechanical variables, particularly with cadence-based and soft-landing strategies. Findings for injury prevention, foot-strike modification, and longer-term outcomes were less consistent. Conclusions: Gait retraining may be a feasible adjunctive intervention for runners with patellofemoral pain, particularly when focused on modest cadence increases and/or softer-landing cues within supervised, progressively faded-feedback protocols. However, heterogeneity across protocols and the predominance of short-term outcomes limit stronger conclusions. Preventive effects remain uncertain, and high-quality controlled longitudinal studies are needed to clarify long-term clinical relevance and identify runners most likely to benefit. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD420251145069).

Introduction Neonatal sensory motor stimulation (SMS) interventions are designed to enhance the neuropsycho-motor and sensory development of newborns. Despite their potential benefits, the lack of standardized in SMS procedures among professionals highlights the need for a unified approach to improve outcomes.

To compare the infants’ time exposure to screens between pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate factors related to screen exposure during this period. The “Screen exposure time questionnaire” was answered by 63 caregivers of infants, in two periods: before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For comparison between periods, the Wilcoxon Rank test was used. During the COVID-19 pandemic, infants’ time exposure to screens increased significantly, from a median of 4 to 7 hours per week, with television being the most used device. A correlation was observed between infant age and time exposure to screens. There was an increase in infants’ time exposure to screens during the COVID-19 pandemic. Total screen time showed a proportional correlation with age in the evaluated periods; however, it did not correlate with the home-office performance of those responsible. Comparar o tempo de exposição a telas de lactentes entre os períodos pré e durante a pandemia da COVID-19 e averiguar fatores relacionados a exposição de tela durante esse período. Responderam ao “Questionário tempo de exposição a telas”, 63 responsáveis de lactentes, em dois períodos: pré e durante a pandemia COVID-19. Para a comparação entre os períodos, foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon Rank. Durante a pandemia da COVID-19, aumentou-se significativamente o tempo de telas, passando de mediana de 4 para 7 horas semanais, destacando-se a televisão como dispositivo mais utilizado. Observou-se a correlação entre idade do lactente e tempo de exposição a telas. Houve aumento do tempo de exposição a telas durante a pandemia da COVID-19 nos lactentes avaliados. O tempo total de telas apresentou uma correlação proporcional com a idade nos períodos avaliados, porém não se correlacionou com a realização de home-office dos responsáveis.

INTRODUÇÃO: A estimulação sensório-motora (ESM) é uma intervenção precoce utilizada em recém-nascidos (RN) para a organização de seus sistemas. O fisioterapeuta que faz uso da ESM deve ter um olhar cuidadoso para os sinais apresentados pelos RN após os procedimentos. OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção de fisioterapeutas sobre alterações do sistema autônomo e do estado comportamental de RN após procedimentos de ESM. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com fisioterapeutas atuantes em unidades neonatais. Os dados foram coletados por questionário eletrônico, processados no programa SPSS (versão 21.0) e apresentados em frequência absoluta (n) e relativa (%). RESULTADOS: Participaram deste estudo 72 fisioterapeutas, 48,6% possuíam título de especialista, 63,9% atuavam em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, 38,8% residiam na região sul e 38,8% na região sudeste do Brasil. A percepção da maioria dos fisioterapeutas após procedimentos de ordem tátil foi estabilidade ou diminuição da frequência cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR), e estabilidade da saturação de oxigênio (SpO2), e após procedimentos de ordem vestibular foi estabilidade da FC, FR e SpO2. Houve percepção de sono ativo, sonolência e alerta ativo após todos os procedimentos de ordem tátil e vestibular. O alerta ativo foi percebido após todos os procedimentos e o choro intenso não foi percebido. CONCLUSÃO: Do sistema autônomo, a maioria dos fisioterapeutas perceberam a FC e FR estáveis ou diminuídas e SpO2 estável ou aumentada após os procedimentos de ESM. Do estado comportamental, o alerta ativo foi percebido com maior frequência entre os fisioterapeutas.