Effective student management is crucial for fostering productive learning environments. This study presents a hybrid framework integrating machine learning (ML) techniques with rough set theory to enhance student management by identifying at-risk students and enabling personalized interventions. The model combines classification algorithms with rough set-based decision rules to analyze complex student data, including academic performance, behavior patterns, and levels of engagement. The ML layered approach detects patterns and outliers, supporting data-driven decisions to improve student well-being and educational outcomes. Evaluation on the Open University Learning Analytics Dataset (OULAD) demonstrated high accuracy (97.85%) in predicting student outcomes and precision (94.62%) in identifying students needing support. The hybrid approach outperformed conventional methods by approximately 15%, showcasing its transformative potential. This framework effectively monitors student performance and enables customized interventions to meet individual learning needs, fostering a more supportive educational environment.

Recent research interests have been directed to study the security of vehicles due to the advancement of their technologies. Due to the rapid growth and accelerated development of electronic control units (ECUs), they are countered to be exploited by external attacks. As a result, recent research efforts have been focused on investigating alternative countermeasures that might be implemented by introducing different intrusion detection systems (IDSs). The problem with some of IDSs is the location of their deployment because of the ECU limitations and constraints. Other introduced IDSs require severe changes in the in-vehicle network, which is not preferred by vehicle manufacturers. In this research, we introduce a novel design of a framework to check the state of the vehicle and capture possible attacks by detecting any malicious data in the diagnostic parameters of the vehicle. The framework is divided into two phases: the specific-based detection phase and the anomaly-based detection phase. The proposed system employs the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to detect anomalies in diagnostic data and it is optimized by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The model is verified against two datasets collected from real vehicles. To generate anomalies in datasets, an attack generation algorithm is introduced. The model is trained on a dataset that contains different attack types and verified blindly against various attacks that have not been seen before. The framework’s experimental results show that it can detect abnormalities with accuracy 97.00% for the Seat Leon 2018 dataset and 97.49% for the KIA SOUL dataset.

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a vital diagnostic tool used to monitor heart activity and detect cardiac abnormalities, such as arrhythmias. Accurate classification of normal and abnormal heartbeats is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. Traditional deep learning methods for automated ECG classification primarily focus on reconstructing the original ECG signal and detecting anomalies based on reconstruction errors, which represent abnormal features. However, these approaches struggle with unseen or underrepresented abnormalities in the training data. In addition, other methods rely on manual feature extraction, which can introduce bias and limit their adaptability to new datasets. To overcome this problem, this study proposes an end-to-end model called ECG-CBA, which integrates the convolutional neural networks (CNNs), bidirectional long short-term memory networks (Bi-LSTM), and a multi-head Attention mechanism. ECG-CBA model learns discriminative features directly from the original dataset rather than relying on feature extraction or signal reconstruction. This enables higher accuracy and reliability in detecting and classifying anomalies. The CNN extracts local spatial features from raw ECG signals, while the Bi-LSTM captures the temporal dependencies in sequential data. An attention mechanism enables the model to primarily focus on critical segments of the ECG, thereby improving classification performance. The proposed model is trained on normal and abnormal ECG signals for binary classification. The ECG-CBA model demonstrates strong performance on the ECG5000 and MIT-BIH datasets, achieving accuracies of 99.60% and 98.80%, respectively. The model surpasses traditional methods across key metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, and overall classification accuracy. This offers a robust and interpretable solution for both ECG-based anomaly detection and cardiac abnormality classification.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as a new trend mainly employed in developing numerous vital applications. These applications endure on a federal storage framework primarily concerned with multiple issues. Blockchain technology (BC) is one of the supportive methods for developing IoT-based applications. It is employed to solve the problems encountered in IoT applications. The attack Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is one of the leading security attacks in IoT systems. Attackers can effortlessly develop the exposures of IoT gadgets and restrain them as fragments of botnets to commence DDoS threats. The IoT devices are said to be resource-constrained with computing resources and restricted memory. As a developing technology, BC holds the possibility of resolving security problems in IoT. This paper proposes the Metaheuristic-Optimized Blockchain Framework for Attack Detection using a Deep Learning Model (MOBCF-ADDLM) method. The main intention of the MOBCF-ADDLM method is to deliver an effective method for detecting DDoS threats in an IoT environment using advanced techniques. The BC technology is initially applied to mitigate DDoS attacks by presenting decentralized security solutions. Furthermore, data preprocessing utilizes the min-max scaling method to convert input data into a beneficial format. Additionally, feature selection (FS) is performed using the Aquila optimizer (AO) technique to recognize the most relevant features from input data. The attack classification process employs the deep belief network (DBN) technique. Finally, the red panda optimizer (RPO) model modifies the hyper-parameter values of the DBN model optimally and results in higher classification performance. A wide range of experiments with the MOBCF-ADDLM approach is performed under the BoT-IoT Binary and Multiclass datasets. The performance validation of the MOBCF-ADDLM approach portrayed a superior accuracy value of 99.22% over existing models.