Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), neck pain (NP), and cervicogenic headache (CGH) frequently co-occur. We aimed to assess TMD prevalence and orofacial clinical features in adults with NP or CGH versus asymptomatic controls. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to 31 July 2025. Eligible designs were analytical cross-sectional studies comparing TMD prevalence, signs, or symptoms between NP/CGH patients and controls. Outcomes included TMD prevalence, jaw mobility, masticatory muscle pressure pain thresholds (PPT), and palpation findings. Risk of bias was appraised with the JBI analytical cross-sectional checklist. Random-effects meta-analyses synthesized odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous and mean/standardized mean differences (MDs/SMDs) for continuous outcomes; heterogeneity was quantified with I² (and τ² where available). Small-study effects were inspected visually (k < 10). Certainty of evidence was assessed with GRADE. Results: From 4130 records, nine studies met the criteria (eight NP, 400 subjects; one CGH, 44 subjects). NP was associated with higher TMD prevalence versus controls (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.35–9.84; I² = 13%). Jaw mobility was reduced in either pain-free opening (one study), unassisted opening (one study), or maximum assisted opening (three studies; MD −6.16 mm, 95% CI −10.05; −2.28; I² = 83%). PPTs were lower in symptomatic groups for masseter (SMD −1.11, 95% CI −1.89 to −0.32; three studies; I² = 92.6%) and temporalis (SMD −0.77, 95% CI −1.04 to −0.50; five studies; I² = 69%). Myofascial trigger points and pain on palpation of masticatory muscles or TMJ were more frequent in experimental groups. Discussion: The findings suggest consistent associations between NP/CGH and TMD prevalence with signs of orofacial dysfunctions. Certainty of evidence was very low due to the cross-sectional design, incomplete confounding control, and moderate heterogeneity for several outcomes. Conclusions: Adults with NP/CGH show higher TMD prevalence and reduced jaw mobility with lower masticatory PPTs. The results support integrated assessment, and prospective longitudinal studies are needed.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are clinically heterogeneous, and patients sharing the same diagnosis may differ substantially in pain mechanisms, functional impairments, behavioral contributors, comorbidities, psychosocial burden, prognosis, and treatment response. Although the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), the International Classification of Orofacial Pain (ICOP), and the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) provide essential diagnostic standards, they do not directly translate diagnosis into individualized physiotherapy management. This Masterclass proposes an evidence-informed clinical framework designed to bridge this gap and support personalized, evidence-based practice. Developed through targeted literature searches, citation tracking, and narrative synthesis of diagnostic standards, clinical practice guidelines, systematic reviews, consensus documents, and key phenotyping studies, the framework retains established diagnoses as clinical anchors while adding a physiotherapy-oriented translational layer. Assessment focuses on clinically relevant and potentially modifiable features, including familiar pain, mandibular mobility and motor control, behavioral load, regional and sleep-related comorbidities, psychosocial factors, prognosis, and pain-mechanism hypotheses. These findings are integrated with patient goals and preferences to identify dominant treatment targets, inform intervention intensity, select appropriate outcomes, and determine when interdisciplinary care is required. Education, therapeutic exercise, selected manual therapy, and behavioral strategies are therefore considered according to explicit clinical objectives rather than diagnostic labels alone. The framework distinguishes evidence-supported components from extrapolated and hypothesis-generating propositions and aims to make physiotherapy management more transparent, reproducible, patient-centered, and testable.