Background: In oncology research fields, vitamin D has emerged as the most fruitful issue. The previous decade witnessed intensive efforts in connecting vitamin D with risk reduction and progression of various epithelial cancers, especially, breast cancer. Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between vitamin D levels and breast cancer. Method: A comprehensive search of several electronic databases was conducted in Pub Med, MEDLINE, CINAHL, in addition to, web search engine “Google” for abstracts, in order to determine the relationship between vitamin D and breast cancer. Results: It was found that an increased serum level of vitamin D is associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. Conclusion: It was concluded that vitamin D plays a significant role in protection of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Social support and stressful life events (SLEs) have been found to be influential factors for smoking cessation in the general population, but little is known about these factors among smokers with severe mental illnesses (SMIs) and whether their associations with smoking cessation differ by gender. AIMS: To examine the association between social support and smoking cessation as mediated by SLEs in people with SMI and to examine whether the interrelations among social support, SLEs, and smoking cessation differ by gender. METHODS: A population sample of 4,610 American lifetime adult smokers with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder were identified in a limited public use data set of the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Four mediation and moderated mediation models were used to examine gender differences in the interrelations among social support (total and three subscales of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List–12), SLEs (summative score of positive responses to 16 types experienced in past year and related to health, job, death, or legal situations), and smoking status in prior year. RESULTS: Total, appraisal, and tangible support among females exerted indirect effects on smoking cessation via decreasing SLE scores. Among males, only belonging support exerted an indirect effect on smoking cessation via an increased SLE score. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that interventions focusing on improving social support should be a priority for those working with smokers with SMI.

Objectives A growing body of evidence supports pharmacological interventions to assist smoking cessation in people with severe mental illness (SMI); that is, lifetime major depressive disorder, bipolar disorders, or schizophrenia. Little is known about whether behavioral services are also associated with high probability of remission from nicotine dependence as compared to other types of help/services received (pharmacological, behavioral, or both). Methods A sample of 726 American lifetime adult smokers with SMI and a history of nicotine dependence, who received help/services for tobacco/nicotine use, were identified. These data came from a limited public use dataset, the 2012-2013 NESARC-III. Survival analysis was used to compare the probability of remission from nicotine dependence and the time needed for full remission from nicotine dependence by type of help/services received for tobacco/nicotine use. Results Remission was more frequent among those who received behavioral services. In addition, the average time from onset of nicotine dependence until full remission from nicotine dependence was shorter among those who received behavioral services. Conclusions The current study suggests a clinical need for behavioral interventions to promote the probability of remission from nicotine dependence among smokers with SMI. Health care providers could play a role in educating and encouraging smokers with SMI to seek and utilize behavioral services.

This systematic review and meta-regression evaluated virtual reality‑based nature interventions for older adults with cognitive impairment. Following PRISMA 2020 and a registered PROSPERO protocol (January 2000–December 2025), we identified randomised controlled trials from nine databases and two registries. Eligible interventions used simulated nature as the primary therapeutic component. Random‑effects models pooled standardised mean differences (SMDs) and risk ratios (RRs). Twenty‑four RCTs (N = 1,534) were included. VR nature interventions significantly improved depression (SMD = −1.17), anxiety (−1.45), stress/distress (−1.38), apathy (−1.33), loneliness (−1.32), agitation (−1.69), and overall neuropsychiatric symptoms (−1.34). Quality of life improved (mental health‑related SMD = 1.26; global SMD = 1.14; mood/positive affect SMD = 1.18). Sleep quality improved (RR = 3.44). Engagement favoured VR (SMD = 1.07), while physiological stress markers showed mixed effects (SMD = −0.72). Dichotomous outcomes had no heterogeneity (I² = 0%); continuous outcomes showed substantial heterogeneity (I² > 90%). Meta‑regression found a modest positive association between intervention duration and effect size (β = 0.01/week). VR‑based nature interventions may improve mental health and quality of life in older adults with cognitive impairment. However, large effect sizes, high heterogeneity, and potential small‑study effects warrant cautious interpretation.