Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are caused by the body's immune response to autoantigens. The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is unclear. Numerous studies have demonstrated that RNA methylation plays a key role in disease progression, which is essential for post-transcriptional regulation and has gradually become a broad regulatory mechanism that controls gene expression in various physiological processes, including RNA nuclear output, translation, splicing, and noncoding RNA processing. Here, we outline the writers, erasers, and readers of RNA methylation, including N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A), 2'-O-methylation (Nm), 2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m⁶Am), N1-methyladenosine (m¹A), 5-methylcytidine (m⁵C) and N7-methylguanosine (m⁷G). As the role of RNA methylation modifications in the immune system and diseases is explained, the potential treatment value of these modifications has also been demonstrated. This review reports the relationship between RNA methylation and autoimmune diseases, highlighting the need for future research into the therapeutic potential of RNA modifications.

Viral hepatitis constitutes a substantial global public health challenge. The etiological agents, referred to as hepatitis viruses, are primarily categorized into five types: hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Among the various preventive strategies, vaccination is widely acknowledged as the most cost-effective and efficient method for controlling viral hepatitis and its related hepatic complications. To date, numerous countries have initiated extensive vaccination programs targeting hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Advances in biotechnology have facilitated substantial progress in vaccine formulation design, the development of innovative adjuvants, and the utilization of novel vectors. However, significant challenges persist, including inadequate vaccination coverage, inconsistent immune responses among vulnerable populations, and concerns regarding vaccine safety. This article presents a systematic review of recent advancements, the current status of vaccination efforts, and ongoing challenges associated with hepatitis vaccines, with the objective of providing critical insights to support the World Health Organization’s goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030.