In this paper, the problem of secondary voltage restoration in an islanded microgrid (MG) is considered, in which the actuator of the distributed generators (DGs) may coexist with partial loss of effectiveness (PLOE) fault and bias fault. For each DG, an adaptive event-triggered fault-tolerant (ETFT) control protocol is designed to compensate for the effects of actuator faults in the DGs, thereby restoring the voltage to the reference value. The dependent event triggering mechanism saves the processor’s computational resources. A desirable feature of the protocol proposed in this paper is that the control protocol relies only on relative information between neighboring DG’s, independent of global information about the network graph, fault boundaries, and network scale. It means that the protocol is implemented in a fully distributed framework. The protocol fully applies to the common ETFT consensus control problem of linear multiagent systems (MASs) with actuator faults. Furthermore, comprehensive theoretical arguments for consensus stability and analysis of Zeno behavior ensure the approach’s feasibility. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. Note to Practitioners—This paper aims to propose a fully ETFT control protocol for secondary voltage restoration of an islanded MG. The control protocol consists of a linear term and a nonlinear time that compensates for the multiplicative and additive fault of the actuator. Moreover, DGs’ communication structure and global fault boundaries may be unknown in practice. Hence, adaptive coupling gains that depend only on the sampled relative information of DGs are introduced to estimate the controller gain, thus avoiding global information. A feasible strategy is provided for industrial applications.

This article proposes an observer-based event-driven fault-tolerant (OBEDFT) secondary control strategy for AC microgrids (MGs) to achieve load voltage regulation. First, the input-output feedback linearization method transforms the voltage regulation issue into an output feedback tracking problem for linear multiagent systems (MASs) with nonlinear dynamics. This transformation provides the necessary preprocessing for load voltage regulation. Then, an OBEDFT secondary control protocol that considers full-state immeasurability is proposed. The actuators of distributed generators (DGs) may experience partial loss of effectiveness (PLOE) and bias faults, and these fault parameters may be heterogeneous and time-varying. The protocol introduces adaptive techniques to avoid information related to fault parameters while using event-driven mechanisms to achieve discrete measurements of neighboring DG. Additionally, the protocol uses boundary layers to construct smooth controllers that prevent the chattering effect caused by nonsmooth controllers. Finally, simulation results confirm the effectiveness of this load voltage regulation strategy.

This article considers the consensus problem of unknown linear multiagent systems (MASs) through adaptive event-driven control in leader-follower and leaderless networks. The proposed event-driven algorithms do not involve any global information related to the network communication structure and rely only on local information exchange to achieve consensus on MASs and are therefore fully distributed. Furthermore, the constraint of continuous communication among the agents is eliminated in terms of control law updates and triggering state monitoring. Another desirable aspect of this article is that the design process of the control algorithms is independent of the parameters of each agent's dynamics and thus does not require precise information about the dynamics of MASs. We further exclude the Zeno behavior of each agent by proving the existence of a strict positive lower bound between any two adjacent events. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive event-driven algorithms is verified by a simulation example.

Privacy issues and the cyberattacks are two typical threats in network operation, but the problem considering both of them has not been properly addressed. To fill this gap, this article investigates the privacy-preserving consensus strategy against the false data injection attacks (FDIAs) for secondary control of microgrids. An integral sliding mode observer and its supporting controller are developed to against the FDIAs on local units. Since the sliding motion is independent of the controller signal, the proposed strategy has a natural advantage for the FDIAs on the controller command. Furthermore, an observer-based resilient control strategy is proposed to against the FDIAs on the communication lines. It is worth mentioning that the $H_\infty$ performance can be obtained by regarding the consensus errors as disturbance. Moreover, the edge-based privacy-preserving algorithm along with the observed-based resilient strategy is proposed. Finally, some simulation examples are used to verify the theoretical results.

The distributed AC microgrid (MG) voltage restoration problem has been extensively studied. Still, many existing secondary voltage control strategies neglect the co-regulation of the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) in the AC multi-MG system (MMS). When an MMS consists of sub-MGs connected in series, power flow between the sub-MGs is not possible if the PCC voltage regulation relies on traditional consensus control objectives. In addition, communication faults and sensor faults are inevitable in the MMS. Therefore, a resilient voltage regulation strategy based on containment control is proposed. First, the feedback linearization technique allows us to deal with the nonlinear distributed generation (DG) dynamics, where the PCC regulation problem of an AC MG is transformed into an output feedback tracking problem for a linear multi-agent system (MAS) containing nonlinear dynamics. This process is an indispensable pre-processing in control algorithm design. Moreover, considering the unavailability of full-state measurements and the potential faults present in the sensors, a novel follower observer is designed to handle communication faults. Based on this, a controller based on containment control is designed to achieve voltage regulation. In regulating multiple PCC voltages to a reasonable upper and lower limit, a voltage difference exists between sub-MGs to achieve power flow. In addition, the secondary control algorithm avoids using global information of directed communication network and fault boundaries for communication link and sensor faults. Finally, the simulation results verify the performance of the proposed strategy.

This brief studies the event-driven consensus problem for Lur’e multi-agent systems (MASs) under directed leader-follower networks. The proposed algorithm does not contain global information, and each agent only communicates with neighboring agents; thus, it can work in a fully distributed manner. Under directed graphs, existing fully distributed consensus algorithms rely on multiple event detection mechanisms. The proposed algorithm contains only one event-driven condition for each agent and thus has lower device cost and complexity. Finally, the simulation verifies the effectiveness of theoretical results.