Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely recognized as a major global public health threat, yet its origins and implications extend beyond the simple misuse or overuse of antibiotics. This study explores AMR as a complex, multifactorial phenomenon shaped by biological, clinical, dental, environmental, and social dynamics, with particular attention to the emerging role of dentistry. A narrative literature review was performed, drawing from textbooks, peer-reviewed articles, and official World Health Organization (WHO) reports, with emphasis on recent findings on periodontal biofilms as reservoirs of resistance genes. The analysis shows that AMR develops through bacterial mutations, horizontal gene transfer, environmental contamination, healthcare-associated practices, and patient behaviors, all of which interact to sustain its spread. Within dentistry, subgingival microresistances are gaining relevance, complicating treatment strategies and underscoring the need for more conscious clinical decision-making. The findings suggest that reducing antibiotic prescriptions or developing new drugs alone will not suffice; instead, a systemic, interdisciplinary approach is required, integrating microbiology, clinical practice, public health, and institutional responsibility. Such awareness is essential to confront the significant clinical, economic, and social implications of AMR and to foster strategies capable of addressing its complex and evolving nature.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is profoundly transforming medicine and healthcare, evolving from analytical tools aimed at automating specific tasks to integrated components of complex socio-technical systems. This work presents a conceptual and theoretical review proposing the Model–Context–Relation (M–C–R) framework to interpret how the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medicine and healthcare emerges from the dynamic alignment among algorithmic, contextual, and relational dimensions. No new patient-level data were generated or analyzed. Through a qualitative conceptual framework analysis, the study integrates theoretical, regulatory, and applicative perspectives, drawing on the Revision of the Semiological Paradigm developed by the Palermo School, as well as on major international guidelines (WHO, European AI Act, FDA). The results indicate that AI-supported processes have been reported in the literature to improve clinical accuracy and workflow efficiency when appropriately integrated, yet its value depends on contextual adaptation and human supervision rather than on algorithmic performance alone. When properly integrated, AI functions as a digital semiotic extension of clinical reasoning and may enhance the physician’s interpretative capacity without replacing it. The M–C–R framework enables understanding of how performance, ethical reliability, and organizational sustainability emerge from the alignment between the technical model, the context of use, and relational trust. In this perspective, AI is conceptualized not as a decision-maker but as an adaptive cognitive partner, fostering a reflective, transparent, and person-centered medicine. The proposed approach supports the design of sustainable and ethically responsible AI systems within a Medicine of Complexity, in which human and artificial intelligence co-evolve to strengthen knowledge, accountability, and equity in healthcare systems.

Background/Objectives: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome often associated with musculoskeletal tenderness, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and bruxism are frequently observed comorbidities in patients with FM, yet their objective assessment remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate masticatory muscle activity in patients with fibromyalgia and temporomandibular disorders using both static surface electromyography (sEMG) and a 24 h portable EMG device (Dia-BRUXO^®). Methods: Thirty female patients (mean age 53.6 ± 10.5 years) underwent comprehensive clinical and gnathological evaluations, followed by static EMG recordings of the masseter and temporalis muscles and continuous monitoring of the left masseter over a 24 h period. Results: Results revealed a significantly higher number of bruxism episodes during wakefulness (80.9 ± 130.8) compared to sleep (24.0 ± 26.8; p < 0.0001). The Masseter Time Index (MTI) and Masseter Work Index (MWI) were also significantly higher during wakefulness (p < 0.001), indicating a predominance of daytime masticatory muscle activity. Static sEMG analysis showed generally preserved bilateral muscle symmetry, accompanied by mild imbalances in occlusal load distribution and increased global muscle activation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that patients with fibromyalgia and temporomandibular disorders exhibit increased baseline masticatory muscle activity, particularly during wakefulness, possibly reflecting sustained neuromuscular tension. Continuous EMG monitoring appears to provide an objective tool for characterizing bruxism patterns and complements clinical assessment and self-reported data. However, the absence of a control group and the exclusive inclusion of female patients limit the generalizability of the results. Further studies including appropriate comparison groups are needed to clarify the specificity and clinical implications of these findings.

Background/Objectives: Professional motorsport imposes substantial biomechanical, postural, and cognitive demands that require continuous neuromuscular adaptations to ensure vehicle control and head stabilization during competition. Although the cranio-cervico-mandibular system may contribute to these adaptive responses, its role in rally performance remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate neuromuscular adaptations of the cranio-cervico-mandibular system in professional rally drivers under real-world racing conditions and to explore the relationship between masticatory muscle activity, cervical involvement, and jaw-clenching behavior. Methods: Twenty professional drivers and co-drivers participating in the 110th Targa Florio Rally were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent static surface electromyography (sEMG) assessment using the Teethan^® system to evaluate the masseter, anterior temporalis, and sternocleidomastoid muscles. During competition, dynamic masseter muscle activity was monitored using the dia-BRUXO^® system. Neuromuscular balance parameters, cervical involvement, masseter muscle activity, and clenching and grinding episodes were analyzed. Results: Participants showed a generally preserved baseline stomatognathic neuromuscular balance, with greater inter-individual variability in cervical involvement. During competition, clenching episodes were significantly more frequent than grinding episodes (p < 0.001). A moderate positive correlation was observed between Cervical Load and the number of clenching episodes (rho = 0.570, p = 0.011). No significant correlations were found between stomatognathic functional indices and dynamic bruxism-related parameters. Conclusions: Professional rally drivers exhibited increased masticatory muscle activity during competition, predominantly characterized by jaw clenching. The association observed between Cervical Load and clenching episodes suggests a statistical concomitance between cervical and masticatory muscle recruitment, which reaches high levels in these elite athletes but requires further longitudinal research to confirm a directional functional interaction in cranio-cervical stabilization during high-demand driving tasks.

Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe and multifactorial condition historically linked to dental procedures. Current evidence shows that most cases arise from complex host–microbe interactions and biofilm colonization on damaged endothelium or intracardiac/prosthetic material, while the inappropriate use of antibiotics in dentistry promotes antimicrobial resistance. Objectives: To provide a narrative synthesis of contemporary evidence on (i) the relative contribution of dental procedures versus daily oral inflammatory burden to bacteremia and IE risk, (ii) the role of periodontal disease and the oral resistome in AMR, and (iii) the clinical and medico-legal implications of antibiotic prescribing and guideline adherence in dental practice. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar, complemented by manual screening of reference lists and relevant guideline documents. The search covered approximately the last decade (2015–2025) and included ESC 2023 and AHA 2021 guidance on IE prevention. Search terms combined concepts related to “infective endocarditis”, “antibiotic prophylaxis”, “dentistry/dental procedures”, “periodontitis/periodontal disease”, “bacteremia”, “biofilm”, “oral microbiome/oral resistome”, and “antimicrobial stewardship/antibiotic resistance”, using Boolean operators. Eligible sources included clinical studies, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, consensus statements and guidelines, and selected medico-legal literature relevant to dental decision-making and documentation. Editorials and non-peer-reviewed items without retrievable full text were not considered for evidence synthesis. Results: The reviewed evidence supports that spontaneous bacteremia associated with active periodontitis and daily oral activities may be more frequent than procedure-related bacteremia, suggesting that inflammation control and biofilm management represent a major preventive lever. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be reserved for a limited subset of high-risk cardiac patients as per contemporary ESC/AHA recommendations, whereas routine “defensive” prescribing in low-risk contexts provides minimal expected benefit and carries individual and societal harms (adverse events, microbiome disruption, AMR selection). Integrating periodontal care pathways with risk stratification and targeted antibiotic stewardship can improve patient safety and support public health. Conclusions: Dentistry plays a strategic preventive role in IE and AMR primarily through periodontal inflammation control, asepsis, and prudent antibiotic use. From a medico-legal standpoint, professional liability should be assessed on a process-based standard (risk assessment, adherence to updated guidelines, causal local treatment, informed consent, and traceable follow-up) rather than on outcome-driven hindsight.

Background and Aim: Full‐arch rehabilitation in patients with advanced maxillary atrophy has evolved considerably through the introduction of tilted and pterygoid implants combined with immediate loading protocols. At the same time, digital technologies have transformed prosthetic workflows. Nevertheless, fully digital procedures may still present limitations in edentulous arches because of scanning accuracy, equipment costs, and restricted accessibility in many clinical settings. Case Report: A 68‐year‐old male patient affected by terminal dentition and severe generalized periodontitis underwent staged implant‐supported full‐arch rehabilitation. The maxilla was treated first using immediate postextraction placement of six implants, including tilted posterior and pterygoid implants, followed by immediate loading. Six months later, the mandible was rehabilitated using the same treatment philosophy. Prosthetic rehabilitation was performed through a hybrid analog–digital workflow in which conventional implant impressions were integrated with digital scanning and CAD–CAM manufacturing. Results: All implants obtained adequate primary stability, allowing immediate loading. Clinical and radiographic examinations confirmed successful osseointegration, stable peri‐implant tissues, and absence of biological or mechanical complications throughout the observation period. Definitive CAD–CAM prostheses demonstrated passive fit without requiring intraoral corrections. At 2 years, functional stability, aesthetic integration, and patient satisfaction remained excellent. Conclusions: This case illustrates that a hybrid analog–digital workflow can represent a practical and predictable alternative for full‐arch rehabilitation in complex implant cases. By combining the precision of conventional impressions with the flexibility of digital prosthetic design, the proposed protocol achieved reliable clinical outcomes while remaining suitable for everyday clinical practice. Although further clinical studies are necessary, this approach may provide a practical and clinically applicable strategy that integrates conventional and fully digital rehabilitation protocols.