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Dr. Yew Heng Teoh
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

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0 Alternative Fuels
0 Internal Combustion Engines
0 engine
0 Biofuel
0 Fuel and combustion engineering

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Review
Published: 28 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Two main aspects of the transportation industry are pollution to the environment and depletion of fossil fuels. In the transportation industry, the pollution to the environment can be reduced with the use of cleaner fuel, such as gas-to-liquid fuel, to reduce the exhaust emissions from engines. However, the depletion of fossil fuels is still significant. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable fuel that is considered an alternative resource to conventional diesel fuel. Even though biodiesel shows advantages as a renewable source, there are still minor drawbacks while operating in diesel engines. Modern vehicle engines are designed to be powered by conventional diesel fuel or gasoline fuel. In this review, the performance, emissions, combustion, and endurance characteristics of different types of diesel engines with various conditions are assessed with biodiesel and blended fuel as well as the effect of biodiesel on the diesel engines. The results show that biodiesel and blended fuel had fewer emissions of CO, HC, and PM but higher NOx emissions than the diesel-fuelled engine. In the endurance test, biodiesel and blended fuel showed less wear and carbon deposits. A high concentration of wear debris was found inside the lubricating oil while the engine operated with biodiesel and blends. The performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and its blends showed that it can be used in a diesel engine. However, further research on long-term endurance tests is required to obtain a better understanding of endurance characteristics about engine wear of the diesel engine using biodiesel and its blends.

ACS Style

Dong Lin Loo; Yew Heng Teoh; Heoy Geok How; Jun Sheng Teh; Liviu Catalin Andrei; Slađana Starčević; Farooq Sher. Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9677 .

AMA Style

Dong Lin Loo, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Jun Sheng Teh, Liviu Catalin Andrei, Slađana Starčević, Farooq Sher. Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (17):9677.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong Lin Loo; Yew Heng Teoh; Heoy Geok How; Jun Sheng Teh; Liviu Catalin Andrei; Slađana Starčević; Farooq Sher. 2021. "Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9677.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is considered an advanced combustion method for internal combustion engines that offers simultaneous reductions in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and increased fuel efficiency. The present study examines the influence of intake air temperature (IAT) and premixed diesel fuel on fuel self-ignition characteristics in a light-duty compression ignition engine. Partial HCCI was achieved by port injection of the diesel fuel through air-assisted injection while sustaining direct diesel fuel injection into the cylinder for initiating combustion. The self-ignition of diesel fuel under such a set-up was studied with variations in premixed ratios (0–0.60) and inlet temperatures (40–100 °C) under a constant 1600 rpm engine speed with 20 Nm load. Variations in performance, emissions and combustion characteristics with premixed fuel and inlet air heating were analysed in comparison with those recorded without. Heat release rate profiles determined from recorded in-cylinder pressure depicted evident multiple-stage ignitions (up to three-stage ignition in several cases) in this study. Compared with the premixed ratio, the inlet air temperature had a greater effect on low-temperature reaction and HCCI combustion timing. Nonetheless, an increase in the premixed ratio was found to be influential in reducing nitric oxides emissions.

ACS Style

Yew Teoh; Hishammudin Huspi; Heoy How; Farooq Sher; Zia Din; Thanh Le; Huu Nguyen. Effect of Intake Air Temperature and Premixed Ratio on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions in a Partial HCCI-DI Diesel Engine. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8593 .

AMA Style

Yew Teoh, Hishammudin Huspi, Heoy How, Farooq Sher, Zia Din, Thanh Le, Huu Nguyen. Effect of Intake Air Temperature and Premixed Ratio on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions in a Partial HCCI-DI Diesel Engine. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yew Teoh; Hishammudin Huspi; Heoy How; Farooq Sher; Zia Din; Thanh Le; Huu Nguyen. 2021. "Effect of Intake Air Temperature and Premixed Ratio on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions in a Partial HCCI-DI Diesel Engine." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8593.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2021 in Coatings
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In this study, the effect of a thermal barrier coating with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and aluminum silicate (Al2O3·SiO2) alongside an NiCrAl bond coat on the engine performance and emission analysis was evaluated by using conventional diesel and pure palm oil biodiesel. These materials were coated on the piston alloy via plasma spray coating. The findings demonstrated that YSZ coating presented better engine performances, in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for both fuels. The piston with YSZ coating materials achieved the highest BTE (15.94% for diesel, 14.55% for biodiesel) and lowest BSFC (498.96 g/kWh for diesel, 619.81 g/kWh for biodiesel). However, Al2O3·SiO2 coatings indicated better emission with lowest emissions of NO, CO, and CO2 for both diesel and biodiesel. For the uncoated piston, the results indicated that the engine clocked the highest torque and power, especially on diesel fuel due to the high viscosity and low caloric value, and it recorded the lowest hydrocarbon emission due to the complete combustion of fuel in the engine. Hence, it was concluded that the YSZ coating could lead to better engine performance, while Al2O3·SiO2 showed promising results in terms of greenhouse gas emission.

ACS Style

Navin Ramasamy; Mohammad Abul Kalam; Mahendra Varman; Yew Teoh. Comparative Studies of Piston Crown Coating with YSZ and Al2O3·SiO2 on Engine out Responses Using Conventional Diesel and Palm Oil Biodiesel. Coatings 2021, 11, 885 .

AMA Style

Navin Ramasamy, Mohammad Abul Kalam, Mahendra Varman, Yew Teoh. Comparative Studies of Piston Crown Coating with YSZ and Al2O3·SiO2 on Engine out Responses Using Conventional Diesel and Palm Oil Biodiesel. Coatings. 2021; 11 (8):885.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navin Ramasamy; Mohammad Abul Kalam; Mahendra Varman; Yew Teoh. 2021. "Comparative Studies of Piston Crown Coating with YSZ and Al2O3·SiO2 on Engine out Responses Using Conventional Diesel and Palm Oil Biodiesel." Coatings 11, no. 8: 885.

Review
Published: 29 June 2021 in Processes
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One of the greatest challenges of the 21st century is to fulfill the growing energy needs sustainably and cost-effectively. Among the different sources of energy, biodiesel is one of the alternative energy sources that has tremendous potential to become a major mainstream renewable energy mix. Jatropha is an important raw input for biodiesel that provides an ecological and sustainable solution for emerging greenhouse gas emissions over the other biomass feedstock. This paper critically evaluates different factors and presents a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) and barriers to the adoption of Jatropha biodiesel. In Pakistan, the estimated production of Jatropha biodiesel is expected to be 2.93 million tons, that are calculated from available barren land and possible shortlisted suitable areas for Jatropha plantation. It is ~25% of the total import (11.84 million tons) of petroleum products, which can save ~$2 billion USD reserves of Pakistan. The cultivation of Jatropha on barren land is an environmentally and economically lucrative approach for Pakistan. This study has real implications for developing a policy framework related to the environment and socio-economic feasibility of Jatropha biodiesel production in Pakistan.

ACS Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Ashraf; Sana Amjad; Muhammad Jamil; Muhammad Jamil; M. Mujtaba. Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel: A Lucrative Recipe for Pakistan’s Energy Sector. Processes 2021, 9, 1129 .

AMA Style

Haseeb Yaqoob, Yew Teoh, Farooq Sher, Muhammad Ashraf, Sana Amjad, Muhammad Jamil, Muhammad Jamil, M. Mujtaba. Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel: A Lucrative Recipe for Pakistan’s Energy Sector. Processes. 2021; 9 (7):1129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Ashraf; Sana Amjad; Muhammad Jamil; Muhammad Jamil; M. Mujtaba. 2021. "Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel: A Lucrative Recipe for Pakistan’s Energy Sector." Processes 9, no. 7: 1129.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Coatings
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This study investigated the tribological behaviour of Pongamia oil (PO) and 15W–40 mineral engine oil (MO) with and without the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The friction and wear characteristics were evaluated in four-ball anti-wear tests according to the ASTM D4172 standard. The morphology of worn surfaces and the lubrication mechanism of GNPs were investigated via SEM and EDS. This study also focuses on the tribological effect of GNP concentration at various concentrations. The addition of 0.05 wt % GNPs in PO and MO exhibits the lowest friction and wear with 17.5% and 12.24% friction reduction, respectively, and 11.96% and 5.14% wear reduction, respectively. Through SEM and EDS surface analysis, the surface enhancement on the worn surface by the polishing effect of GNPs was confirmed. The deposition of GNPs on the friction surface and the formation of a protective film prevent the interacting surfaces from rubbing, resulting in friction and wear reduction.

ACS Style

Yeoh Jason; Heoy How; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Hun Chuah; Jun Teh. Tribological Behaviour of Graphene Nanoplatelets as Additive in Pongamia Oil. Coatings 2021, 11, 732 .

AMA Style

Yeoh Jason, Heoy How, Yew Teoh, Farooq Sher, Hun Chuah, Jun Teh. Tribological Behaviour of Graphene Nanoplatelets as Additive in Pongamia Oil. Coatings. 2021; 11 (6):732.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeoh Jason; Heoy How; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Hun Chuah; Jun Teh. 2021. "Tribological Behaviour of Graphene Nanoplatelets as Additive in Pongamia Oil." Coatings 11, no. 6: 732.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2021 in Energy
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Electric mobility slowly catches up trend in automotive sales but still it has not got the wide expected reception as typical liquid fueled vehicle due to the electric vehicles range. But the high energy density of liquid fuel is still unmatched for the performance of an electric battery. Decreasing Air Quality Index (AQI) from use of conventional fuels are alarming due to its impact on human health. These facts thrust the need for deeper study into alternative fuel research area and Malaysia being one of the largest producers of Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME), motivates us to proceed into investigative analysis of POME fueled engine using a mathematical technique called Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Highest BSFC attained was 508.9 g/kWhr and 546.5 g/kWhr for diesel and POME50 at 3850 rpm and 25% load. Lowest O2 emissions were recorded at 4.1% and 4.4% for diesel and POME10 respectively at 1600 rpm and 100% load. Optimized engine operation was predicted with 41.21% POME as the best blend giving the best compromise in best performance and low emissions.

ACS Style

H.G. How; Y.H. Teoh; B. Navaneetha Krishnan; T.D. Le; H.T. Nguyen; C. Prabhu. Prediction of optimum Palm Oil Methyl Ester fuel blend for compression ignition engine using Response Surface Methodology. Energy 2021, 234, 121238 .

AMA Style

H.G. How, Y.H. Teoh, B. Navaneetha Krishnan, T.D. Le, H.T. Nguyen, C. Prabhu. Prediction of optimum Palm Oil Methyl Ester fuel blend for compression ignition engine using Response Surface Methodology. Energy. 2021; 234 ():121238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.G. How; Y.H. Teoh; B. Navaneetha Krishnan; T.D. Le; H.T. Nguyen; C. Prabhu. 2021. "Prediction of optimum Palm Oil Methyl Ester fuel blend for compression ignition engine using Response Surface Methodology." Energy 234, no. : 121238.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Coatings
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In this study, the performance and emission of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) engine which applied palm oil biodiesel and diesel as a fuel were evaluated. TBC was prepared by using a series of mixture consisting different blend ratio of yttria stabilized zirconia (Y2O3·ZrO2) and aluminum oxide-silicon oxide (Al2O3·SiO2) via plasma spray coating technique. The experimental results showed that mixture of TBC with 60% Y2O3·ZrO2 + 40% Al2O3·SiO2 had an excellent nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) reductions compared to other blend-coated pistons. The finding also indicated that coating mixture 50% Y2O3·ZrO2 + 50% Al2O3·SiO2 had the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and lowest of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) compared to all mixture coating. Reductions of HC and CO emissions were also recorded for 60% Y2O3·ZrO2 + 40% Al2O3·SiO2 and 50% Y2O3·ZrO2 + 50% Al2O3·SiO2 coatings. These encouraging findings had further proven the significance of TBC in enhancing the engine performance and emission reductions operated with different types of fuel.

ACS Style

Navin Ramasamy; Mohammad Kalam; Mahendra Varman; Yew Teoh. Effect of Thermal Barrier Coating on the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine Operated with Conventional Diesel and Palm Oil Biodiesel. Coatings 2021, 11, 692 .

AMA Style

Navin Ramasamy, Mohammad Kalam, Mahendra Varman, Yew Teoh. Effect of Thermal Barrier Coating on the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine Operated with Conventional Diesel and Palm Oil Biodiesel. Coatings. 2021; 11 (6):692.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navin Ramasamy; Mohammad Kalam; Mahendra Varman; Yew Teoh. 2021. "Effect of Thermal Barrier Coating on the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine Operated with Conventional Diesel and Palm Oil Biodiesel." Coatings 11, no. 6: 692.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2021 in Symmetry
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Biodiesel has gained popularity in diesel engines as a result of the rapid decline of fossil fuels and population growth. The processing of biodiesel from non-edible Moringa Oleifera was investigated using a single-step transesterification technique. Both fuels had their key physicochemical properties measured and investigated. In a common-rail diesel engine, the effects of MB50 fuel blend on the symmetric characteristics of engine-out responses were evaluated under five load settings and at 1000 rpm. As compared to standard diesel, MB50 increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions while lowering brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and smoke emissions for all engine loads. A further study of injection pressure and start of injection (SOI) timing for MB50 fuel was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM optimization resulted in improved combustion dynamics due to symmetry operating parameters, resulting in a simultaneous decrease in NOx and smoke emissions without sacrificing BTE. RSM is an efficient optimization method for achieving optimal fuel injection parameter settings, as can be deduced. As a result, a clearer understanding of the use of MB50 fuel in diesel engines can be given, allowing for the best possible engine efficiency.

ACS Style

Yew Teoh; Heoy How; Farooq Sher; Thanh Le; Hwai Ong; Huu Nguyen; Haseeb Yaqoob. Optimization of Fuel Injection Parameters of Moringa oleifera Biodiesel-Diesel Blend for Engine-Out-Responses Improvements. Symmetry 2021, 13, 982 .

AMA Style

Yew Teoh, Heoy How, Farooq Sher, Thanh Le, Hwai Ong, Huu Nguyen, Haseeb Yaqoob. Optimization of Fuel Injection Parameters of Moringa oleifera Biodiesel-Diesel Blend for Engine-Out-Responses Improvements. Symmetry. 2021; 13 (6):982.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yew Teoh; Heoy How; Farooq Sher; Thanh Le; Hwai Ong; Huu Nguyen; Haseeb Yaqoob. 2021. "Optimization of Fuel Injection Parameters of Moringa oleifera Biodiesel-Diesel Blend for Engine-Out-Responses Improvements." Symmetry 13, no. 6: 982.

Review
Published: 29 April 2021 in Energies
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As non-renewable conventional fossil fuel sources are depleting day by day, researchers are continually finding new ways of producing and utilizing alternative, renewable, and reliable fuels. Due to conventional technologies, the environment has been degraded seriously, which profoundly impacts life on earth. To reduce the emissions caused by running the compression ignition engines, waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel is one of the best alternative fuels locally available in all parts of the world. Different study results are reviewed with a clear focus on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics, and the impact on engine durability. Moreover, the environmental and economic impacts are also reviewed in this study. When determining the combustion characteristics of WCO biodiesel, the cylinder peak pressure value increases and the heat release rate and ignition delay period decreases. In performance characteristics, brake-specific fuel consumption increases while brake-specific energy consumption, brake power, and torque decrease. WCO biodiesel cuts down the emissions value by 85% due to decreased hydrocarbon, SO2, CO, and smoke emissions in the exhaust that will effectively save the environment. However, CO2 and NOx generally increase when compared to diesel. The overall economic impact of production on the utilization of this resource is also elaborated. The results show that the use of WCO biodiesel is technically, economically, environmentally, and tribologically appropriate for any diesel engine.

ACS Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Farooq; Muhammad Jamil; Zareena Kausar; Noor Sabah; Muhammad Shah; Hafiz Rehman; Atiq Rehman. Potential of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel as Renewable Fuel in Combustion Engines: A Review. Energies 2021, 14, 2565 .

AMA Style

Haseeb Yaqoob, Yew Teoh, Farooq Sher, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Jamil, Zareena Kausar, Noor Sabah, Muhammad Shah, Hafiz Rehman, Atiq Rehman. Potential of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel as Renewable Fuel in Combustion Engines: A Review. Energies. 2021; 14 (9):2565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Farooq; Muhammad Jamil; Zareena Kausar; Noor Sabah; Muhammad Shah; Hafiz Rehman; Atiq Rehman. 2021. "Potential of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel as Renewable Fuel in Combustion Engines: A Review." Energies 14, no. 9: 2565.

Journal article
Published: 28 April 2021 in Sustainability
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The objective of this paper is to study the effect of coconut oil biodiesel (COB)-diesel blends on exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions and fuel injection responses in an unmodified turbocharged four-stroke common-rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Characterization of COB and their blends has been conducted to ascertain the applicability of these fuels for the existing engine. The test fuels used were fossil diesel fuel, COB10, COB20, COB30 and COB50 of biodiesel-diesel fuels. A test cycle which composed of 16 different steady-state modes at various loads and speed conditions was followed. Generally, the results showed a marginally advanced SOI timing and longer injection duration with increasing COB blends at higher load as compared to diesel fuel. Additionally, the lower calorific value (CV) and higher viscosity of the COB fuel blends have resulted in reduced turbo boost pressure and increased common-rail fuel injection pressure, respectively, across all engine speeds and loads. On the aspects of PM emissions characterization, results indicated that the blending of COB with conventional diesel had benefits over diesel in PM reduction. In fact, the largest achievable PM mass reduction of 38.55% was attained with COB50. In addition, it was noticed that the size of PM particles accumulated such that the granular size increased with higher diesel content in the blend. Additionally, the composition analysis on the PM collected by EDX spectroscopy has revealed that the C, O and Si as three main elements that made up the PM particles in descending order. Overall, the results indicated that COB biodiesel is a clean-burning alternative fuel and can be used satisfactorily in an unmodified diesel engine without the needs for engine remapping.

ACS Style

Yew Teoh; Heoy How; Farooq Sher; Thanh Le; Huu Nguyen; Haseeb Yaqoob. Fuel Injection Responses and Particulate Emissions of a CRDI Engine Fueled with Cocos nucifera Biodiesel. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4930 .

AMA Style

Yew Teoh, Heoy How, Farooq Sher, Thanh Le, Huu Nguyen, Haseeb Yaqoob. Fuel Injection Responses and Particulate Emissions of a CRDI Engine Fueled with Cocos nucifera Biodiesel. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4930.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yew Teoh; Heoy How; Farooq Sher; Thanh Le; Huu Nguyen; Haseeb Yaqoob. 2021. "Fuel Injection Responses and Particulate Emissions of a CRDI Engine Fueled with Cocos nucifera Biodiesel." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4930.

Review article
Published: 24 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Pakistan is facing a severe electricity shortfall due to rapidly growing demand leading to 8–12 h d−1 power outages in rural areas in summer. Predominant use of imported fossil fuels for electricity generation is exerting a huge burden on the economy and causing immense damage to the environment in the form of GHG emissions. One of the best energy sources in terms of economy and emissions is biomass waste which is abundantly available in Pakistan in the forms of animal manure, poultry waste, sugarcane bagasse and kitchen waste. This paper critically analyses the potential of these largely underutilized biomass waste resources for biogas production as a Waste-to-Energy technology to overcome Pakistan's power crisis. Potential biogas production from each resource and its subsequent utilization in power generation is calculated for Bahawalpur (a division of Pakistan) as a case study and for the whole country Pakistan as well. Remarkable results come out to be 11.65 M m3 d−1 of biogas production potential which can generate 3059.7 GWh y−1 electricity for Bahawalpur division alone. The results for the whole Pakistan are 226.8 M m3 d−1 of biogas production potential and corresponding electricity generation of 59,536 GWh y−1 which accounts to be 49.4% of the total power generation for the year 2018. The most striking finding is that power generation from biogas will be enough to eliminate Pakistan’s power shortfall. There is a possible market of 12.9 B USD y-1 corresponding to total bio-fertilizer generation of 340,800 kt y-1 from anaerobic digestion (AD). Findings of this paper present the government of Pakistan a critical consideration of widespread use of biogas technology in future and draft a proper Waste-to-Energy policy accordingly. The conclusion is that the biogas production and its subsequent use in electricity generation from biomass waste is the sustainable and eco-friendly renewable energy source which could resolve power crises and environmental and waste management issues in Pakistan. Biogas as a source of energy can be an important component for sustainability transition in Pakistan. This study could be a good reference for other developing countries too.

ACS Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Heng Teoh; Zia Ud Din; Noor Us Sabah; Muhammad Ahmad Jamil; M.A. Mujtaba; Asad Abid. The potential of sustainable biogas production from biomass waste for power generation in Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 307, 127250 .

AMA Style

Haseeb Yaqoob, Yew Heng Teoh, Zia Ud Din, Noor Us Sabah, Muhammad Ahmad Jamil, M.A. Mujtaba, Asad Abid. The potential of sustainable biogas production from biomass waste for power generation in Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 307 ():127250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Heng Teoh; Zia Ud Din; Noor Us Sabah; Muhammad Ahmad Jamil; M.A. Mujtaba; Asad Abid. 2021. "The potential of sustainable biogas production from biomass waste for power generation in Pakistan." Journal of Cleaner Production 307, no. : 127250.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2021 in Water
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Pakistan is among the countries that have already crossed the water scarcity line, and the situation is worsened due to the recent pandemic. This is because the major budget of the country is shifted to primary healthcare activities from other development projects that included water treatment and transportation infrastructure. Consequently, water-borne diseases have increased drastically in the past few months. Therefore, there is a dire need to address this issue on a priority basis to ameliorate the worsening situation. One possible solution is to shift the focus/load from mega-projects that require a plethora of resources, money, and time to small domestic-scale systems for water treatment. For this purpose, domestic-scale solar stills are designed, fabricated, and tested in one of the harshest climatic condition areas of Pakistan, Rahim Yar Khan. A comprehensive overview of the regional climatology, including wind speed, solar potential, and ambient temperature is presented for the whole year. The analysis shows that the proposed system can adequately resolve the drinking water problems of deprived areas of Pakistan. The average water productivity of 1.5 L/d/m2 is achieved with a total investment of PKR 3000 (<$20). This real site testing data will serve as a guideline for similar system design in other arid areas globally.

ACS Style

Muhammad Jamil; Haseeb Yaqoob; Muhammad Farooq; Yew Teoh; Ben Xu; Khamid Mahkamov; Muhammad Sultan; Kim Ng; Muhammad Shahzad. Experimental Investigations of a Solar Water Treatment System for Remote Desert Areas of Pakistan. Water 2021, 13, 1070 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Jamil, Haseeb Yaqoob, Muhammad Farooq, Yew Teoh, Ben Xu, Khamid Mahkamov, Muhammad Sultan, Kim Ng, Muhammad Shahzad. Experimental Investigations of a Solar Water Treatment System for Remote Desert Areas of Pakistan. Water. 2021; 13 (8):1070.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Jamil; Haseeb Yaqoob; Muhammad Farooq; Yew Teoh; Ben Xu; Khamid Mahkamov; Muhammad Sultan; Kim Ng; Muhammad Shahzad. 2021. "Experimental Investigations of a Solar Water Treatment System for Remote Desert Areas of Pakistan." Water 13, no. 8: 1070.

Review
Published: 01 April 2021 in Sustainability
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It has been widely accepted worldwide, that the greenhouse effect is by far the most challenging threat in the new century. Renewable energy has been adopted to prevent excessive greenhouse effects, and to enhance sustainable development. Malaysia has a large amount of biomass residue, which provides the country with the much needed support the foreseeable future. This investigation aims to analyze potentials biomass gases from major biomass residues in Malaysia. The potential biomass gasses can be obtained using biomass conversion technologies, including biological and thermo-chemical technologies. The thermo-chemical conversion technology includes four major biomass conversion technologies such as gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, and liquefaction. Biomass wastes can be attained through solid biomass technologies to obtain syngas which includes carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The formation of tar occurs during the main of biomass conversion reaction such as gasification and pyrolysis. The formation of tar hinders equipment or infrastructure from catalytic aspects, which will be applied to prevent the formation of tar. The emission, combustion, and produced gas reactions were investigated. It will help to contribute the potential challenges and strategies, due to sustainable biomass, to harness resources management systems in Malaysia to reduce the problem of biomass residues and waste.

ACS Style

Jun Teh; Yew Teoh; Heoy How; Thanh Le; Yeoh Jason; Huu Nguyen; Dong Loo. The Potential of Sustainable Biomass Producer Gas as a Waste-to-Energy Alternative in Malaysia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3877 .

AMA Style

Jun Teh, Yew Teoh, Heoy How, Thanh Le, Yeoh Jason, Huu Nguyen, Dong Loo. The Potential of Sustainable Biomass Producer Gas as a Waste-to-Energy Alternative in Malaysia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jun Teh; Yew Teoh; Heoy How; Thanh Le; Yeoh Jason; Huu Nguyen; Dong Loo. 2021. "The Potential of Sustainable Biomass Producer Gas as a Waste-to-Energy Alternative in Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3877.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2021 in Coatings
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The four-ball tester was used in this analysis to demonstrate the lubricity of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO). The tribological performance of the tire pyrolysis oil was compared with diesel fuel (DF) and their blends, DT10 (TPO 10%, Diesel 90%) and DT20 (TPO 20%, Diesel 80%). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the wear scar. In contrast to diesel fuel, TPO demonstrated better antiwear behaviour in terms of higher load-carrying capacity. DT10, DT20, and TPO’s wear scar diameter (WSD) was 22.35%, 16.01%, and 31.99% smaller than that of diesel at 80 kg load, respectively. The scanning electron microscope micrographs showed that the TPO and DT10 had less wear than their counterparts.

ACS Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Jamil; Mirza Nuhanović; Omid Razmkhah; Begum Erten. Tribological Behaviour and Lubricating Mechanism of Tire Pyrolysis Oil. Coatings 2021, 11, 386 .

AMA Style

Haseeb Yaqoob, Yew Teoh, Farooq Sher, Muhammad Jamil, Mirza Nuhanović, Omid Razmkhah, Begum Erten. Tribological Behaviour and Lubricating Mechanism of Tire Pyrolysis Oil. Coatings. 2021; 11 (4):386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Jamil; Mirza Nuhanović; Omid Razmkhah; Begum Erten. 2021. "Tribological Behaviour and Lubricating Mechanism of Tire Pyrolysis Oil." Coatings 11, no. 4: 386.

Review
Published: 15 March 2021 in Sustainability
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Energy is essential for the nature of life and the development of countries. The main demand for the 21st century is to fulfill growing energy needs. Pakistan, through the use of fossil fuels, meets energy demands. There is pressure on the economy of the country due to the massive reliance on fossil fuels, and this tendency is influenced by various environmental impacts. To overcome the burden on fossil fuels, more attention has been drawn to provide fossil fuel substitution. Tire pyrolysis is among the effective substitutes of the fuel technology that generates useful products of liquid oil, char, and pyro gas. This research focuses on the environmental, social, and economic viability of tire pyrolysis oil in Pakistan. This study estimates the production and potential of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) in Pakistan. Based on the calculations, the potential of tire pyrolysis oil production in Pakistan from 2015–2019 is 468,081 to 548,406 tons. The potential production of TPO in 2018–2019 was ~8.30% of the total import (6.6 million tons) of crude oil. Therefore, tire pyrolysis oil is considered an alternative fuel representing an economic and environmentally viability solution for Pakistan.

ACS Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Jamil; Daniyal Murtaza; Mansour Al Qubeissi; Mehtab Ui Hassan; M. Mujtaba. Current Status and Potential of Tire Pyrolysis Oil Production as an Alternative Fuel in Developing Countries. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3214 .

AMA Style

Haseeb Yaqoob, Yew Teoh, Farooq Sher, Muhammad Jamil, Daniyal Murtaza, Mansour Al Qubeissi, Mehtab Ui Hassan, M. Mujtaba. Current Status and Potential of Tire Pyrolysis Oil Production as an Alternative Fuel in Developing Countries. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Jamil; Daniyal Murtaza; Mansour Al Qubeissi; Mehtab Ui Hassan; M. Mujtaba. 2021. "Current Status and Potential of Tire Pyrolysis Oil Production as an Alternative Fuel in Developing Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3214.

Review
Published: 10 March 2021 in Journal of the Energy Institute
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The application of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) as an alternative fuel has attained attention owing to the exponentially raise demand and price of fossil fuels, environmental impacts, and landfilling of the waste tires. Globally, the pyrolysis process has become the leading solution to this problem by converting the waste tires to the TPO. So, this review paper studies the application of TPO in diesel engines related to the purification and physicochemical properties of TPO with their effects on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of the fuel. Oxidative desulfurization and catalyst process is the most reliable method to remove the sulfur contents and purified the tire pyrolysis oil. Higher cylinder peak pressure, heat release rate, and ignition delay has been observed and noted its impact on the combustion analysis of the TPO. An increase in brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and lower brake specific fuel consumption have been found in the performance analysis of TPO. In emission analysis literature, mixed trends have been seen in nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon emission, so in some cases, emission tends to increase, but the opposite direction has also been observed in other cases. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide and particulate matter emission are reduced owing to the excess of oxygen shares in TPO. In general, no alteration in the diesel engine is required for a low share of TPO in the TPO-diesel blend. Finally, it is concluded that the studies recommended the TPO-diesel (10%–90%) blend in the engine as an alternative fuel.

ACS Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Heng Teoh; Muhammad Ahmad Jamil; Mubashir Gulzar. Potential of tire pyrolysis oil as an alternate fuel for diesel engines: A review. Journal of the Energy Institute 2021, 96, 205 -221.

AMA Style

Haseeb Yaqoob, Yew Heng Teoh, Muhammad Ahmad Jamil, Mubashir Gulzar. Potential of tire pyrolysis oil as an alternate fuel for diesel engines: A review. Journal of the Energy Institute. 2021; 96 ():205-221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Heng Teoh; Muhammad Ahmad Jamil; Mubashir Gulzar. 2021. "Potential of tire pyrolysis oil as an alternate fuel for diesel engines: A review." Journal of the Energy Institute 96, no. : 205-221.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation
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This paper proposed a pneumatic vibration isolation platform (named VIP) with adjustable stiffness characteristics in which two opposite stiffness mechanisms are introduced. One with positive stiffness is formed by the wedge-roller mechanism used to support the load, which is named the load bearing mechanism (LBM), the other (called stiffness correction mechanism-SCM) generating negative stiffness in vertical direction, constructed by the cam-roller mechanism, is used for correction of the total stiffness of the VIP. Instead of using coil spring, the rubber air spring is employed, hence the stiffness of the VIP can be easily adjusted to adapt to the change of the isolated load as well as improve the isolation effectiveness in low frequency region. The force model of the rubber air spring generated by the compressed air, friction and viscoelastic is then built and identified via the experiment. Next, the dynamic stiffness model of the VIP will be established and analyzed. The primary resonant response of the proposed model subjected to harmonically excited base will be analyzed by employing the normal form technique. The effects of the configurative parameters on the amplitude-frequency curve are investigated. Furthermore, due to the nonlinear dynamical system, the complex dynamical analysis including coexistence solution, bifurcation and so on is necessary to explore in this work by using the numerical integration and Poincaré map. Finally, the isolation response of the VIP subjected to the random excitation is also evaluated and compared with that of the equivalent linear isolator (named ELI in which the SCM is removed). The result shows clearly the advantages of the VIP against the ELI. This work will furnish a useful insight into the design and manufacture of the low frequency vibration isolation systems.

ACS Style

N.Y.P. Vo; M.K. Nguyen; T.D. Le. Analytical study of a pneumatic vibration isolation platform featuring adjustable stiffness. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 2021, 98, 105775 .

AMA Style

N.Y.P. Vo, M.K. Nguyen, T.D. Le. Analytical study of a pneumatic vibration isolation platform featuring adjustable stiffness. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation. 2021; 98 ():105775.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N.Y.P. Vo; M.K. Nguyen; T.D. Le. 2021. "Analytical study of a pneumatic vibration isolation platform featuring adjustable stiffness." Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 98, no. : 105775.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2021 in Symmetry
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In recent years, industries have been investing to develop a potential alternative fuel to substitute the depleting fossil fuels which emit noxious emissions. Present work investigated the effect of ferrous ferric oxide nano-additive on performance and emission parameters of compression ignition engine fuelled with chicken fat methyl ester blends. The nano-additive was included with various methyl ester blends at different ppm of 50, 100, and 150 through the ultrasonication process. Probe sonicator was utilized for nano-fuel preparation to inhibit the formation of agglomeration of nanoparticles in base fuel. Experimental results revealed that the addition of 100 ppm dosage of ferrous ferric oxide nanoparticles in blends significantly improves the combustion performance and substantially decrease the pernicious emissions of the engine. It is also found from an experimental results analysis that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) improved by 4.84%, a reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 10.44%, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) by 9.44%, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) by 19.47%, carbon monoxides (CO) by 53.22%, unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) by 21.73%, nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 15.39%, and smoke by 14.73% for the nano-fuel B20FFO100 blend. By seeing of analysis, it is concluded that the doping of ferrous ferric oxide nano-additive in chicken fat methyl ester blends shows an overall development in engine characteristics.

ACS Style

Ameer Suhel; Norwazan Abdul Rahim; Mohd Abdul Rahman; Khairol Bin Ahmad; Yew Teoh; Noh Zainal Abidin. An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Ferrous Ferric Oxide Nano-Additive and Chicken Fat Methyl Ester on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine. Symmetry 2021, 13, 265 .

AMA Style

Ameer Suhel, Norwazan Abdul Rahim, Mohd Abdul Rahman, Khairol Bin Ahmad, Yew Teoh, Noh Zainal Abidin. An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Ferrous Ferric Oxide Nano-Additive and Chicken Fat Methyl Ester on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine. Symmetry. 2021; 13 (2):265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ameer Suhel; Norwazan Abdul Rahim; Mohd Abdul Rahman; Khairol Bin Ahmad; Yew Teoh; Noh Zainal Abidin. 2021. "An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Ferrous Ferric Oxide Nano-Additive and Chicken Fat Methyl Ester on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine." Symmetry 13, no. 2: 265.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2021 in Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering
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The recent studies emphasize the importance of modern technologies and the reduction of gases emission while neglecting the significance of the optimum fuel. A comprehensive comparison for compressed natural gas, liquified natural gas, liquified petroleum gas, gasoline, electricity, diesel, and alternative fuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel as a transport fuel is carried out for Pakistan. The comparison is carried out by undertaking various factor that affects the fuel economy. Therefore, a comparison of fuel properties, production, consumption, emission of gases, engine performance and economy are carried to observe the optimum fuel for Pakistan. It concluded that compressed natural gas, electricity, and alternative fuels were found to be the optimum fuel for the environment and economy of Pakistan and having a high potential for its availability through different sources. Besides, strategy and future policies and directions are also discussed for the optimum fuel. Moreover, the future of vehicles is also discussed to analyze the transportation trend of the world. The present study will be very efficient for the optimum fuel consideration and growing future for developing countries. Therefore, Pakistan should pay attention to these fuels for their production, implementation, and electric vehicles for a sustainable future.

ACS Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Heng Teoh; Talha S. Goraya; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Ahmad Jamil; Tazien Rashid; Kashif Allah Yar. Energy evaluation and environmental impact assessment of transportation fuels in Pakistan. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 2021, 3, 100081 .

AMA Style

Haseeb Yaqoob, Yew Heng Teoh, Talha S. Goraya, Farooq Sher, Muhammad Ahmad Jamil, Tazien Rashid, Kashif Allah Yar. Energy evaluation and environmental impact assessment of transportation fuels in Pakistan. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 2021; 3 ():100081.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Heng Teoh; Talha S. Goraya; Farooq Sher; Muhammad Ahmad Jamil; Tazien Rashid; Kashif Allah Yar. 2021. "Energy evaluation and environmental impact assessment of transportation fuels in Pakistan." Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 3, no. : 100081.

Journal article
Published: 29 November 2020 in Sustainability
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The demand for alternative fuels has risen in recent years due to the economic and environmental consequences of conventional fuels. In addition to engine characteristics, i.e., performance, combustion, and emission the lubricity of the considered fuel is an important parameter for its selection. This experimental study shows the tribological performance of the tire pyrolysis oil by using the four-ball tester. Waste tire pyrolysis oil was purified by using the distillation process. The experiment was conducted over 300 s at 40, 50, 63, and 80 kg load, 1800 rpm constant speed, and 27 °C temperature of all fuels on the ASTM D2266 standard. The tribological performance of the tire pyrolysis oil was compared with the BT10 (biodiesel 90%–tire pyrolysis oil 10%) and BT20 (biodiesel 80%–tire pyrolysis oil 20%) and biodiesel. The optical microscope is used to measure the wear scar diameter and then it is examined through a scanning electron microscope. In terms of greater load-carrying capacity, tire pyrolysis oil shows better anti-wear behaviour compared to biodiesel fuel. The wear scar diameter of BT10, BT20, and tire pyrolysis oil was 23.99%, 8.37%, and 32.62%, respectively, lower than the biodiesel fuel at 80 kg load. The SEM micrographs revealed that tire pyrolysis oil and BT10 displayed lower wear as compared to counterparts. Finally, it is concluded that BT10 is the most suitable fuel in terms of tribological performance.

ACS Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Heng Teoh; Muhammad Ahmad Jamil; Tahir Rasheed; Farooq Sher. An Experimental Investigation on Tribological Behaviour of Tire-Derived Pyrolysis Oil Blended with Biodiesel Fuel. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9975 .

AMA Style

Haseeb Yaqoob, Yew Heng Teoh, Muhammad Ahmad Jamil, Tahir Rasheed, Farooq Sher. An Experimental Investigation on Tribological Behaviour of Tire-Derived Pyrolysis Oil Blended with Biodiesel Fuel. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):9975.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haseeb Yaqoob; Yew Heng Teoh; Muhammad Ahmad Jamil; Tahir Rasheed; Farooq Sher. 2020. "An Experimental Investigation on Tribological Behaviour of Tire-Derived Pyrolysis Oil Blended with Biodiesel Fuel." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 9975.