Eighteen Cebus apella monkeys, (juvenile and adult of both sexes) were inoculated five years ago, with three Trypanosoma cruzi strains (CA1, n = 10; Colombian, n=4 and Tulahuen, n=4), either by conjunctival or intraperitoneal route, once or repeatedly. Parasitological, hematological, serological, enzymatic, radiographic, electro and echocardiographic findings have been peviously published15 and they are similar to those observed in human pathology. The most frequent electrocardiographic alteration was right branch bundle block. Six animals, chosen at random, were sacrificed. Those sacrificed 20 to 25 months post-first inoculation showed focal accumuli of leukocytes with myocytolysis. Foci of diffuse interstitial fibrosis with mild infiltrate of leukocytes among fibers were observed in the animals sacrificed 36 to 47 months post-inoculation. No parasites were seen. The lesions were more prominent in the ventricular walls and the septum. The fact that the infiltrates were predominant in the animals sacrificed at a shorter time after first inoculation and that fibrosis was more severe in those sacrificed at a longer time suggests that there is a progression of the infiltrative lesions to fibrosis, with a leukocytic activity indicative of a chronic phase. These lesions are similar to those described in human chronic Chagas' disease. This would demonstrate that this model is useful in evaluating a progress in the knowledge of the pathogenesis which is still a controversial issue, immunology, immunogenesis and chemotherapeutic agents of the chronic and indeterminate phases of this disease.

Background: Gardner’s syndrome (GS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease that predisposes individuals to a high risk of developing colonic polyposis, colorectal cancers, and multiple maxillofacial hard and soft tissue tumors. Odontogenic myxoma (OM) is classified as a benign locally invasive tumor of the jaws. It is estimated as the third most frequent odontogenic tumor, between 2% and 5% of cases. In the present study, we report and discuss a case of odontogenic myxoma in a 13-month-old patient diagnosed with GS. Case Presentation: A 13-month-old patient was referred to our department with a fast-growing tumor located in the left nasomaxillary region and a family history of GS. Computed tomography imaging of the face with contrast was performed, showing a well-defined, insufflating osteolytic lesion located in the left nasomaxillary region, extending up to the inferior orbital wall. The tumor was biopsied, and he was diagnosed with OM. Radical resection was performed and the anterior maxilla wall was reconstructed with PDS. Subsequently, germline mutation in APC gene was found in the patient. Follow up was carried out up to seven years after the intervention, an excellent cosmetic outcome and no signs of recurrence were observed in the area. Conclusion: Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must be aware of the different lesions which may be associated with systemic syndromes. OM may be first manifestation related to early diagnosis of GS and, lastly, colon cancer. OM could be an indication of referring to genetic counselling to determine the presence of the mutation in patients with or without familiar history.

Background/Objectives: Pediatric orbital tumors are rare and complex, requiring multidisciplinary care at specialized centers. Contemporary treatment paradigms emphasize centralized care delivery through experienced multidisciplinary teams to optimize patient outcomes. Recent advances in surgical planning technologies and intraoperative navigation systems have substantially enhanced surgical safety through improvement in tumor resection and reconstruction and reduction in complications, including recurrence of the lesion. Computed-aided surgical technologies enable precise virtual planning, minimally invasive approaches and more precise reconstruction methods when necessary by mean of patient-specific cutting guides, premolded orbital plates or individual patient solutions (IPS) prosthesis. Three-dimensional biomodelling visualizes tumor architecture and aids localization while preserving neurovascular structures, and real-time neuronavigation improves safety and efficacy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 98 pediatric patients with orbital tumors treated between 2014 and 2025 at a tertiary center to evaluate the use of computed-assisted surgical technologies and the indications for treatment. Inclusion criteria comprised all cases where computer-assisted techniques were employed. Patients were classified into two groups: Group 1—intraconal or extensive periorbital lesions with eye-sparing intent treated via craniofacial approaches; Group 2—periorbital tumors with orbital wall involvement, to analyze the use of the different technologies. Data collected included tumor age, type, location, technology used, adjunctive treatments, and postoperative outcomes. Results: Twelve patients underwent computer-assisted surgery. Technologies employed over the last six years included intraoperative navigation, 3D planning with/without tumor segmentation, orbital-wall reconstruction by mirroring, IPS or titanium mesh bending, and preoperative biomodelling. Patients were grouped by tumor location and treatment goals: Group 1—intraorbital lesions (primarily intraconal or 270–360° involvement), including one case of orbital encephalocele treated transcranially; Group 2—periorbital tumors with orbital-wall destruction, treated mainly via midfacial approaches. Intraoperative navigation was used in 10/12 cases (8/11 with tumor segmentation); in 3 cases with ill-defined margins, navigation localized residual tumor. Virtual surgery predominated in Group 2 (4 patients) and one in Group 1, combined with cutting guides for margins and Individual Prosthetic Solutions (IPS) prosthesis fitting (two patients: titanium and PEEK). In two cases, virtual plans were performed, STL models printed, and premolded titanium meshes used. No complications related to tumor persistence or orbital disturbance were observed. Conclusions: Advanced surgical technologies substantially enhance safety, efficiency, and outcomes in pediatric orbital tumors. Technology-assisted approaches represent a paradigm shift in this complex field. Additional studies are needed to establish evidence-based protocols for systematic integration of technology in pediatric orbital tumor management.