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Muhammad Abdul Kamal
Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (KP), Mardan, Pakistan

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Research article
Published: 20 May 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Environmental pollution caused by carbon emissions is an emerging issue to study among researchers. The nexus between environmental pollution and carbon emissions has motivated researchers to evaluate the impact of cleaner energy on carbon emissions. This study further contributes to the research by examining the above relationship by studying the asymmetric influence of nuclear energy (NE), industrial productivity (IP), and economic growth rate (GDP) on carbon emissions (CO2) in India from 1975 to 2018 using the asymmetric autoregressive distribution lag approach. The results of the bound test and the Wald test show that in the long run, there is an asymmetric relationship between CO2, NE, GDP, and IP, and in the short run, there is a symmetric relationship between CO2, GDP, and IP. The result implies that increased usage of nuclear energy over fossil fuels and improvement in industrial productivity, in the long run, reduces CO2 emission in India. Furthermore, the study concludes that the government should consider the asymmetric relationship between the variables and devise appropriate policies to increased nuclear energy and industrial productivity in India for environmental sustainability.

ACS Style

Aamir Aijaz Syed; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Ravindra Tripathi. An empirical investigation of nuclear energy and environmental pollution nexus in India: fresh evidence using NARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Aamir Aijaz Syed, Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Ravindra Tripathi. An empirical investigation of nuclear energy and environmental pollution nexus in India: fresh evidence using NARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aamir Aijaz Syed; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Ravindra Tripathi. 2021. "An empirical investigation of nuclear energy and environmental pollution nexus in India: fresh evidence using NARDL approach." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 18 May 2021 in Sustainability
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COVID-19 is certainly the first sustainability crisis of the 21st century. The paper examines the impact of COVID-19 on the Indian stock and commodity markets during the different phases of lockdown. In addition, the effect of COVID-19 on the Indian stock and commodity markets during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 spread was compared. A comparative analysis of the stock market performances and sustainability of selected South Asian countries is also included in the study, which covers the lockdown period as well as the time frame of the first and second waves of COVID-19 spread. To examine the above relationship, the conventional Welch test, heteroskedastic independent t-test, and the GMM multivariate analysis is employed, on the stock return, gold prices, and oil prices. The findings conclude that during the different phases of lockdown in India, COVID-19 has a negative and significant impact on oil prices and stock market performance. However, in terms of gold prices, the effect is positive and significant. The results of the first wave of COVID-19 infection also corroborate with the above findings. However, the results are contradictory during the second wave of coronavirus infection. Furthermore, the study also substantiates that COVID-19 has significantly affected the stock market performances of selected South Asian countries. However, the impact on the stock market performances was only for a short period and it diminished in the second wave of COVID-19 spread in all the selected South Asian countries. The findings contribute to the research on the stock and commodity market impact of a pandemic by providing empirical evidence that COVID-19 has spill-over effects on stock markets and commodity market performances. This result also helps investors in assessing the trends of the stock and commodity markets during the pandemic outbreak.

ACS Style

Farhan Ahmed; Aamir Syed; Muhammad Kamal; Maria De Las Nieves López-García; Jose Ramos-Requena; Swati Gupta. Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Stock and Commodity Markets Performance and Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of South Asian Countries. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5669 .

AMA Style

Farhan Ahmed, Aamir Syed, Muhammad Kamal, Maria De Las Nieves López-García, Jose Ramos-Requena, Swati Gupta. Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Stock and Commodity Markets Performance and Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of South Asian Countries. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5669.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farhan Ahmed; Aamir Syed; Muhammad Kamal; Maria De Las Nieves López-García; Jose Ramos-Requena; Swati Gupta. 2021. "Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Stock and Commodity Markets Performance and Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of South Asian Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5669.

Research article
Published: 20 November 2020 in International Journal of Finance & Economics
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China‐Pakistan Free Trade Agreement (CPFTA) increased trade between China and Pakistan, however, it also swelled Pakistan trade deficit with China. The empirical findings of this paper suggest that CPFTA positively contribute to Pakistan exports to China and her imports from China but the increase in Pakistan imports was far greater than Pakistan exports after CPFTA. Resultantly, Pakistan's trade deficit with China increased and Pakistan's growth hampered. Constant market share analysis suggests that a better understanding of the Chinese market, efficient utilization of tariff lines and focus on products of the comparative edge are important for Pakistan to benefit from CPFTA. Otherwise, CPFTA is counterproductive for Pakistan.

ACS Style

Syed H. Shah; Muhammad A. Kamal; Da L. Yu. Did China‐Pakistan free trade agreement promote trade and development in Pakistan? International Journal of Finance & Economics 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Syed H. Shah, Muhammad A. Kamal, Da L. Yu. Did China‐Pakistan free trade agreement promote trade and development in Pakistan? International Journal of Finance & Economics. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Syed H. Shah; Muhammad A. Kamal; Da L. Yu. 2020. "Did China‐Pakistan free trade agreement promote trade and development in Pakistan?" International Journal of Finance & Economics , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 23 October 2020 in International Journal of Finance & Economics
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Islamic banking has gleaned considerable attention recently owing to its quantum growth. This study examines the asymmetric association between Islamic banking development (IBD) and economic growth (EG) in Pakistan that spans 2007Q1 to 2017Q4. We apply the non‐linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model of Shin et al., (2014). Our findings confirm co‐integration between IBD and EG in Pakistan. The positive (negative) shocks of IBD have significant positive (negative) association with EG in the long‐run; however, only positive shocks have significant positive relationship with EG in the short run. We observe that the interconnection between IBD‐EG is asymmetric/non‐linear in the long‐run, whereas symmetric/linear in the short run. We conclude that unlike the linear models, the non‐linear models provide realistic results by capturing hidden asymmetries, thereby assisting policymakers in useful decision making.

ACS Style

Assad Ullah; Xinshun Zhao; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Adeel Riaz; Bowen Zheng. Exploring asymmetric relationship between Islamic banking development and economic growth in Pakistan: Fresh evidence from a non‐linear ARDL approach. International Journal of Finance & Economics 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Assad Ullah, Xinshun Zhao, Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Adeel Riaz, Bowen Zheng. Exploring asymmetric relationship between Islamic banking development and economic growth in Pakistan: Fresh evidence from a non‐linear ARDL approach. International Journal of Finance & Economics. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Assad Ullah; Xinshun Zhao; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Adeel Riaz; Bowen Zheng. 2020. "Exploring asymmetric relationship between Islamic banking development and economic growth in Pakistan: Fresh evidence from a non‐linear ARDL approach." International Journal of Finance & Economics , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Fostering energy efficiency is one of the most effective ways to sustain economic growth while addressing climate change and limiting emissions. On the other hand, the pattern of international trade has changed many folds. The present study quantified the value-added trade (VAT) and developed a simultaneous equation model to empirically analyze the impact of value-added trade on energy efficiency in the global value chains (GVC). The Super-SBM model is used to estimate energy-efficiency. Empirical results indicate that India, Brazil, USA, Poland, France, Turkey, Israel, Italy are super-energy efficient, as their efficiency score is greater than 1. Secondly, value-added trade significantly improves energy efficiency by 0.434 after controlled the time and country effects. In addition, trade is divided into value-added exports and value-added imports to describe the internal trade mechanism, which depicts that the magnitude of the energy efficiency effect of value-added exports (0.011) is greater than that of imports (0.009). The findings also suggest that investment in R&D, foreign investment, and human education significantly improves energy efficiency. Foreign direct investment (FDI) positively increases the energy efficiency after controlled the unobserved fixed effects of country and year. It reflects the importance of the technology diffusion on increasing energy efficiency through FDI. Additionally, political regimes have also major impacts on both energy efficiency and value-added trade.

ACS Style

Xing Yao; Wasi Ul Hassan Shah; Rizwana Yasmeen; Yongzhong Zhang; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Anwar Khan. The impact of trade on energy efficiency in the global value chain: A simultaneous equation approach. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 765, 142759 .

AMA Style

Xing Yao, Wasi Ul Hassan Shah, Rizwana Yasmeen, Yongzhong Zhang, Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Anwar Khan. The impact of trade on energy efficiency in the global value chain: A simultaneous equation approach. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 765 ():142759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xing Yao; Wasi Ul Hassan Shah; Rizwana Yasmeen; Yongzhong Zhang; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Anwar Khan. 2020. "The impact of trade on energy efficiency in the global value chain: A simultaneous equation approach." Science of The Total Environment 765, no. : 142759.

Earlycite article
Published: 01 October 2020 in International Journal of Emerging Markets
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PurposeCulture and institutions are among the essential sources of comparative advantage in international trade and may influence a country's FDI influx. This paper aims to analyze the impact of cultural distance (CD) and institutional distance (ID) on the efficiency of China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) for the panel of 43 countries during 2003–2016.Design/methodology/approachThe stochastic frontier approach (SFA) has been incorporated into the standard gravity model of gravity Kalirajan, 1999; Ravishankar and Stack, 2014). SFA has traditionally been implemented to evaluate the production frontier as the highest yield that could possibly be generated from specified input levels. The production process is viewed to be fully efficient if the real output is performed at frontier level. Otherwise, the production process is assumed technically inefficient, which implies potential scope for enhanced output. This error term is split into two parts, a non-negative term and more standard asymmetrical term. The former identifies inefficiencies in production, while the latter retrieves random disordersFindingsThe outcomes assert a U-shaped relationship between CD and the efficiency of China's OFDI. Put differently, when the CD is minimal, the “liability of foreignness” (LOF) effect plays a dominant role; and CD tends to reduce the efficiency of China's OFDI. On the flip side, when the culture distance is greater than a certain threshold level, the “advantages of foreignness” (AOF) effect plays a predominant role, and CD improves the efficiency of China's OFDI. Institutional distance results in the “LOF” effect significantly reduce the efficiency of China's OFDI.Research limitations/implicationsNotwithstanding these contributions, our study has some limitations which offer directions for future research. The major limitation of this research work is the availability of comprehensive data for a well extended time, in particular for the variable of CD. Further, a firm-level study can shed light on the motivations and performance of China OFDI. Finally, given that our analysis focuses on emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) from China, the findings might not be explicitly generalizable to MNEs from other developing countries. Future studies should concentrate on the comparative study of China's OFDI with other developing countries, to deepen our understanding of the effects of ID and CD on the efficiency of OFDI.Originality/value(1) The work is novel in nature as the authors attempt to explore the effect of ID and CD on efficiency of Chinese FDI. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no research is conducted in this direction in terms of Chinese FDI. (2) Further, the prior studies employed standard gravity model, which may not correctly evaluate the trade potential viewed as the highest potential value. To overcome the shortcomings of the standard gravity model in estimation of the trade performance and efficiency, the SFA has been incorporated into the standard gravity model of gravity.

ACS Style

Bowen Zheng; Yarou Wang; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Assad Ullah. The influence of cultural and institutional distance on China's OFDI efficiency: fresh evidence from stochastic frontier gravity model. International Journal of Emerging Markets 2020, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Bowen Zheng, Yarou Wang, Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Assad Ullah. The influence of cultural and institutional distance on China's OFDI efficiency: fresh evidence from stochastic frontier gravity model. International Journal of Emerging Markets. 2020; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bowen Zheng; Yarou Wang; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Assad Ullah. 2020. "The influence of cultural and institutional distance on China's OFDI efficiency: fresh evidence from stochastic frontier gravity model." International Journal of Emerging Markets ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Research article
Published: 02 September 2020 in International Journal of Finance & Economics
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The relationship between environmental regulations and foreign direct investment (FDI) has garnered extensive attention, particularly in the context of China. The puzzle of whether environmental regulations deter or lure FDI has not resolved to the satisfaction of the curious mind. This research endeavor is to answer the question by exploring the asymmetric association between environmental regulations and FDI in China; utilizing a novel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. Our main results affirm that environmental regulations and FDI move together in the long‐run, and there is dependable evidence of asymmetry. We notice that FDI inflows react differently in response to positive and negative shocks of environmental regulations both in the long‐ and short‐run. The findings of our study corroborate both the “Pollution Haven” and the “Pollution Halo” hypotheses in China. The Chinese policymakers should strike a balance between environmental stringency and leniency pertaining to inbound FDI for sustainable economic growth—concurrently keeping environmental issues at bay.

ACS Style

Assad Ullah; Xinshun Zhao; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Jiajia Zheng. Environmental regulations and inward FDI in China: Fresh evidence from the asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag approach. International Journal of Finance & Economics 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Assad Ullah, Xinshun Zhao, Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Jiajia Zheng. Environmental regulations and inward FDI in China: Fresh evidence from the asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag approach. International Journal of Finance & Economics. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Assad Ullah; Xinshun Zhao; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Jiajia Zheng. 2020. "Environmental regulations and inward FDI in China: Fresh evidence from the asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag approach." International Journal of Finance & Economics , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 19 August 2020 in International Journal of Finance & Economics
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The objective of this study is to investigate operational efficiency, productivity, and associated differences between the operational efficiency and productivity of Pakistan's private, public, and foreign banks over the period 2006–2017. To measure the operational efficiency scores and productivity growth change, we used data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist productivity index (MPI) simultaneously. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to check the significant differences between the mean technical efficiencies of different commercial banking industries of Pakistan. Empirical results revealed that mean technical and pure technical efficiency scores of foreign banks are better than domestic banks; however, the mean scale efficiency score of domestic banking is relatively better than foreign banks. Further public sector banks performed well than the private banking industry during the period 2006–2017. Kruskal–Wallis test demonstrated a significant difference between the mean technical efficiency scores of three different banking sectors (public, private, and foreign) of the Pakistan commercial banking industry. Moreover, the MPI results indicated that there is (1.9%) decline in mean total factor productivity change for all commercial banks during the sample period. Further, total factor productivity change of foreign commercial banks shows growth, while a decaying trend is observed for domestic commercial banks.

ACS Style

Nan Zhu; Wasi Ul Hassan Shah; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Rizwana Yasmeen. Efficiency and productivity analysis of Pakistan's banking industry: A DEA approach. International Journal of Finance & Economics 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Nan Zhu, Wasi Ul Hassan Shah, Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Rizwana Yasmeen. Efficiency and productivity analysis of Pakistan's banking industry: A DEA approach. International Journal of Finance & Economics. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nan Zhu; Wasi Ul Hassan Shah; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Rizwana Yasmeen. 2020. "Efficiency and productivity analysis of Pakistan's banking industry: A DEA approach." International Journal of Finance & Economics , no. : 1.

Academic paper
Published: 17 August 2020 in Journal of Public Affairs
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Owing to declining export growth and escalating trade deficits in Pakistan, this study investigates the dynamics of comparative advantage, complementarity, and pinpoints potential export products in the ASEAN region. This study scrutinizes the trade dynamics between Pakistan and ASEAN over the period 2003–2016 by extracting International Trade Centre (ITC), trade map data. The analyses are based on the Trade intensity index, the Revealed comparative advantage index, Trade complementarity index, and trade potential method. The results show that Pakistan has the highest comparative advantage over ASEAN in chapters 03, 08, 41, 61, 62, and 63 at HS‐2 digit product‐level data. With Malaysia and Philippines, Pakistan's trade complementarity is stronger than Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The outcomes also suggest that there is a huge trade potential that exists between Pakistan and ASEAN member countries. These findings are useful for policy consideration in identifying product specialization for enhancing competitiveness and promoting economic growth.

ACS Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Sakeena Shad; Saleem Khan; Assad Ullah; Khalid Khan. Pakistan's trade performance and potential with ASEAN region: Recent trends and future opportunities. Journal of Public Affairs 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Sakeena Shad, Saleem Khan, Assad Ullah, Khalid Khan. Pakistan's trade performance and potential with ASEAN region: Recent trends and future opportunities. Journal of Public Affairs. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Sakeena Shad; Saleem Khan; Assad Ullah; Khalid Khan. 2020. "Pakistan's trade performance and potential with ASEAN region: Recent trends and future opportunities." Journal of Public Affairs , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2020 in Environmental Pollution
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While considerable efforts have been made to address the relationship between urbanization and environmental issues, few of them focus on household emissions. Thus, this work aimed at evaluating the effect of urbanization on household wastewater emissions, and made a distinction between the efficient- and the inefficient-emissions. We compiled a China's provincial dataset over the period 2005-2017, and estimates indicated that a 1% rise in the urbanization was correlated with a 0.581 increase of efficient emissions, while inefficient emissions decreased by 7.606. As of 2017, the sample period end year, the inefficient emissions accounted for 10.5% of the total emissions of China as a whole, which was relatively large and could not be overlooked. Meanwhile, a back-of-the-envelope estimate revealed that urbanization had a negative impact on China's total emissions, with a marginal effect ranging from -0.226 to -1.354 over the sample period. The above findings, however, did not imply that urbanization would spontaneously reduce the inefficient- and total-emissions. Thus, the government in the process of urbanization should strengthen environmental education, municipal facilities, and others.

ACS Style

Pengfei Sheng; Mengxin Zhai; Yuechi Zhang; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. The Effects of Urbanization on Household Wastewater Emissions in China: Efficient- and Inefficient- Emissions. Environmental Pollution 2020, 267, 115350 .

AMA Style

Pengfei Sheng, Mengxin Zhai, Yuechi Zhang, Muhammad Abdul Kamal. The Effects of Urbanization on Household Wastewater Emissions in China: Efficient- and Inefficient- Emissions. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 267 ():115350.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pengfei Sheng; Mengxin Zhai; Yuechi Zhang; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. 2020. "The Effects of Urbanization on Household Wastewater Emissions in China: Efficient- and Inefficient- Emissions." Environmental Pollution 267, no. : 115350.

Academic paper
Published: 04 August 2020 in Journal of Public Affairs
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By using statistical tools of revealed comparative advantage, trade complementarity, constant market share, and stochastic frontier gravity model, this study inspects the export performance and trade potential of Pakistan in the Central Asian region. The range of the study is from 2003 to 2017. The study finds that Pakistan has the highest comparative advantage in pharmaceutical merchandises with the central Asian region as a whole, while it has a very low level of trade complementarity. Yet, a massive trade potential is existing between Pakistan and Central Asian countries, especially with Uzbekistan followed by Turkmenistan. The results also show that GDP, trade openness, distance, exchange rate, and tariff rate are the prime determinants of Pakistan's export to the Central Asian region. The empirical analysis also indicated that “behind the border” factors confine the exports of Pakistan from reaching to its potential level. Therefore, Pakistan needs to sign a free trade agreement at the earliest and should focus to secure full tariff concessions on its top exported products.

ACS Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Saleem Khan; Nadia Gohar. Pakistan's export performance and trade potential in central Asian region: Analysis based on constant market share ( CMS ) and stochastic frontier gravity model. Journal of Public Affairs 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Saleem Khan, Nadia Gohar. Pakistan's export performance and trade potential in central Asian region: Analysis based on constant market share ( CMS ) and stochastic frontier gravity model. Journal of Public Affairs. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Saleem Khan; Nadia Gohar. 2020. "Pakistan's export performance and trade potential in central Asian region: Analysis based on constant market share ( CMS ) and stochastic frontier gravity model." Journal of Public Affairs , no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 27 July 2020 in Growth and Change
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Urban household wastewater has surged with the urbanization in China, treatment of which demands attention. Utilizing China’s urban panel data from 2005 to 2015, this article evaluates whether governmental wastewater treatment service changes urban residents’ wastewater‐discharging behaviors. The outcomes reveal that: (a) in the short‐run when the local government treats more wastewater, the residents discharge more wastewater; (b) this short‐run relationship is notably strengthened by household attributes, that is, income and education; (c) in the long‐run, the increasing relationship between household wastewater discharge and wastewater treatment service also exists significantly, which calls for immediate attention of policy makers.

ACS Style

Jiajia Zheng; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Assad Ullah. The direct and indirect effects of China's wastewater treatment service on urban household wastewater discharge. Growth and Change 2020, 51, 1380 -1400.

AMA Style

Jiajia Zheng, Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Assad Ullah. The direct and indirect effects of China's wastewater treatment service on urban household wastewater discharge. Growth and Change. 2020; 51 (3):1380-1400.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiajia Zheng; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Assad Ullah. 2020. "The direct and indirect effects of China's wastewater treatment service on urban household wastewater discharge." Growth and Change 51, no. 3: 1380-1400.

Research article
Published: 20 March 2020 in PLOS ONE
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Energy demand is rising day by day, driven mainly by the development of countries. At the same time, uneven economic growth in countries is the prime cause of inequality in energy consumption. Keeping in view the worth of energy in the growth process, this study quantifies the impact of energy inequalities and trade on environmental quality over the period 1995–2018 for 57 countries. The Theil approach is used to quantify inter-and intra-regional disparities in five energy sources; oil, coal, natural gas hydroelectricity, and renewable energy. The results show that North America has the highest oil consumption inequality between the regions while East Asia & Pacific has the highest index value within the regions. Coal consumption inequality is declining in North America, but not in East Asia and the Pacific. Europe & Central Asia, and North America have the highest inequalities in natural gas consumption between the regions. Inequality is shrinking in hydropower consumption between the regions, however, such trend has not loomed within the regions. Europe & Central Asia and East Asia & Pacific have major renewable consumption inequalities within the regions. Generally, there is a decreasing temporal trend in energy consumption inequalities of all energy sources. The GMM technique is applied to investigate the impact of energy inequalities and trade openness on environmental quality. The results reveal that energy inequalities degrade environmental quality. Moreover, trade has a positive impact on environmental quality. However, democratic countries can be advantageous to improve the environmental quality. The study implies that countries should take actions to reduce energy inequalities within and between the regions. Specialization in production through trade can also be an option for improvement in the environment.

ACS Style

Xing Yao; Rizwana Yasmeen; Ihtsham Ul Haq Padda; Wasi Ul Hassan Shah; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. Inequalities by energy sources: An assessment of environmental quality. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0230503 .

AMA Style

Xing Yao, Rizwana Yasmeen, Ihtsham Ul Haq Padda, Wasi Ul Hassan Shah, Muhammad Abdul Kamal. Inequalities by energy sources: An assessment of environmental quality. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (3):e0230503.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xing Yao; Rizwana Yasmeen; Ihtsham Ul Haq Padda; Wasi Ul Hassan Shah; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. 2020. "Inequalities by energy sources: An assessment of environmental quality." PLOS ONE 15, no. 3: e0230503.

Research article
Published: 13 March 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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The developing world is facing pivotal challenges in recent times. Among these, global warming has ominous repercussions on every segment of society, thus tracing its underlying causes is imperative. This research attempts to investigate the impact of urbanization and energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) for a panel of 8 Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) over the period 1982 to 2017. The analyses are executed using panel co-integration and Granger causality techniques. The main findings of panel co-integration reveal a long-run relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the results indicate a positive and significant impact of urbanization and energy consumption on CO2 emissions, indicating that urban development and high energy consumptions are barriers to improve environmental quality in the long run. The results also highlight bi-directional causality between energy consumption and urbanization, while unidirectional causality exists between energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Based on the obtained results, this study offers useful policy implications for plummeting carbon emissions.

ACS Style

Muhammad Ali Abbasi; Shabana Parveen; Saleem Khan; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. Urbanization and energy consumption effects on carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from Asian-8 countries using panel data analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 18029 -18043.

AMA Style

Muhammad Ali Abbasi, Shabana Parveen, Saleem Khan, Muhammad Abdul Kamal. Urbanization and energy consumption effects on carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from Asian-8 countries using panel data analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (15):18029-18043.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Ali Abbasi; Shabana Parveen; Saleem Khan; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. 2020. "Urbanization and energy consumption effects on carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from Asian-8 countries using panel data analysis." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 15: 18029-18043.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2020 in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications
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This research article investigates the extent to which military expenditure changes hold an asymmetric impact on stock market development in China, employing the nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) approach. The NARDL results confirm that positive (negative) shocks in military spending have significant positive (negative) impact on stock market development in the long-run. Nonetheless, in the short-run, only the positive shocks in military spending have significant positive relationship with stock market deepening. Based on these outcomes, we conclude that the asymmetry in military expenditure shocks is a long-run rather than short-run phenomenon pertaining to stock market growth in China. The empirical outcomes of this research work give further insights to policymakers and investors.

ACS Style

Assad Ullah; Xinshun Zhao; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Jiajia Zheng. Modeling the relationship between military spending and stock market development (a) symmetrically in China: An empirical analysis via the NARDL approach. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2020, 554, 124106 .

AMA Style

Assad Ullah, Xinshun Zhao, Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Jiajia Zheng. Modeling the relationship between military spending and stock market development (a) symmetrically in China: An empirical analysis via the NARDL approach. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 2020; 554 ():124106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Assad Ullah; Xinshun Zhao; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Jiajia Zheng. 2020. "Modeling the relationship between military spending and stock market development (a) symmetrically in China: An empirical analysis via the NARDL approach." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 554, no. : 124106.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2020 in Utilities Policy
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Whether and how governmental pollution regulations change pollution production behaviors remain uncertain. Based on the STIRPAT model, this paper confirms that from 2005 to 2015, the Chinese government's wastewater treatment service strengthened the positive relationship between income and wastewater output, that is, more wastewater treatment service led to more wastewater output. Thus, the current system for wastewater treatment fees must be redesigned so that residents can compensate for the cost of wastewater service. Additionally, the installation of smart water meters and awareness campaigns regarding water-saving and recycling are also helpful for urban wastewater management.

ACS Style

Jiajia Zheng; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. The effect of household income on residential wastewater output: Evidence from urban China. Utilities Policy 2020, 63, 101000 .

AMA Style

Jiajia Zheng, Muhammad Abdul Kamal. The effect of household income on residential wastewater output: Evidence from urban China. Utilities Policy. 2020; 63 ():101000.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiajia Zheng; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. 2020. "The effect of household income on residential wastewater output: Evidence from urban China." Utilities Policy 63, no. : 101000.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in South Asian Journal of Management Sciences
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South Asian Journal of Management Sciences (SAJMS) is a blind peer refereed journal published bi-annually by Iqra University. The journal recognizes growing involvement of regional issues in management sciences within the larger context of globalization and international arena.

ACS Style

Saleem Khan; Sher Ali; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. Trade Liberalization Effects on Import Demand: The Pakistan Experience using Bilateral Trade Data. South Asian Journal of Management Sciences 2020, 14, 28 -42.

AMA Style

Saleem Khan, Sher Ali, Muhammad Abdul Kamal. Trade Liberalization Effects on Import Demand: The Pakistan Experience using Bilateral Trade Data. South Asian Journal of Management Sciences. 2020; 14 (1):28-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saleem Khan; Sher Ali; Muhammad Abdul Kamal. 2020. "Trade Liberalization Effects on Import Demand: The Pakistan Experience using Bilateral Trade Data." South Asian Journal of Management Sciences 14, no. 1: 28-42.

Articles
Published: 30 August 2019 in Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy
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This article investigates the impact of institutional difference and natural resource endowment in developing host countries on the location choice of Chinese OFDI. We found that institutional difference between China and host countries insignificantly affect the flow of Chinese OFDI, however, when observed on sectoral levels; Chinese investment is responsive to the institutional difference in non-fuel natural resource rich countries while institutional difference asserts insignificant influence on Chinese OFDI in fuel resource rich countries. This shows that institutions play a role in the location choice of Chinese OFDI but, it depends on the sector and institutional proximity.

ACS Style

Syed Hasanat Shah; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Hafsa Hasnat; Li Jun Jiang. Does institutional difference affect Chinese outward foreign direct investment? Evidence from fuel and non-fuel natural resources. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 2019, 24, 670 -689.

AMA Style

Syed Hasanat Shah, Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Hafsa Hasnat, Li Jun Jiang. Does institutional difference affect Chinese outward foreign direct investment? Evidence from fuel and non-fuel natural resources. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy. 2019; 24 (4):670-689.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Syed Hasanat Shah; Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Hafsa Hasnat; Li Jun Jiang. 2019. "Does institutional difference affect Chinese outward foreign direct investment? Evidence from fuel and non-fuel natural resources." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 24, no. 4: 670-689.

Articles
Published: 11 June 2019 in Emerging Markets Finance and Trade
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This article investigates the interactive effect of institutional quality and natural resources (divided into fuel and nonfuel resources) on the flows of Chinese outbound foreign direct investment (OFDI) in host countries in Asia and Africa. The findings of the article indicate that institutional quality in host countries affect the flow of Chinese OFDI but only in nonfuel natural resource–rich countries while institutions in fuel resource–rich countries play a insignificant role in the flow of Chinese OFDI. This shows that quality of institutions is a significant determinant of Chinese OFDI in countries where institutions matter while Chinese OFDI overlooks and surpasses institutions in fuel resource–rich countries. The significant interactive effect of institutions and nonfuel resources in this article suggests that Chinese OFDI is not insensitive to quality of institutions but it depends on the sector, risk level, and domestic imperatives.

ACS Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Syed Hasanat Shah; Wang Jing; Hafsa Hasnat. Does the Quality of Institutions in Host Countries Affect the Location Choice of Chinese OFDI: Evidence from Asia and Africa. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 2019, 56, 208 -227.

AMA Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Syed Hasanat Shah, Wang Jing, Hafsa Hasnat. Does the Quality of Institutions in Host Countries Affect the Location Choice of Chinese OFDI: Evidence from Asia and Africa. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. 2019; 56 (1):208-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Syed Hasanat Shah; Wang Jing; Hafsa Hasnat. 2019. "Does the Quality of Institutions in Host Countries Affect the Location Choice of Chinese OFDI: Evidence from Asia and Africa." Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 56, no. 1: 208-227.

Articles
Published: 01 January 2019 in Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja
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Asia is a heterogeneous region including countries with distinct features in quite a few facets. This study is designed to unravel the motivations of Chinese FDI in 30 Asian countries (For list of countries see Appendix 1.) during 2003–2016. For estimation, we utilised the Random effect (RE), Fixed effect (FE) and System-GMM (SGMM) methodologies. We transpired that both market and natural resource (mineral richness) seeking motives of Chinese FDI in the whole sample analysis. With respect to income group, we confirmed the market seeking FDI in both high and middle-income countries whereas, mineral richness is priority for Chinese FDI in middle-income group. Thus, Chinese firms targeted middle income developing economies to acquire non-fuel natural resources. Analogously, on the regional basis, the results show that in all regression models, GDP is positive and significant predictor, characterising market seeking FDI by Chinese firms in West, East and South East Asia. In resource seeking motive, among the two types of natural resources, mineral richness affect Chinese FDI positively in East & South East Asia. In a nutshell, seeking market is the common motive for Chinese FDI in the entire sample, whereas the resource seeking motive varies across the income groups and regions.

ACS Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Assad Ullah; Jiajia Zheng; Bowen Zheng; Huizhu Xia. Natural resource or market seeking motive of China’s FDI in asia? New evidence at income and sub-regional level. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 2019, 32, 3869 -3894.

AMA Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal, Assad Ullah, Jiajia Zheng, Bowen Zheng, Huizhu Xia. Natural resource or market seeking motive of China’s FDI in asia? New evidence at income and sub-regional level. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 2019; 32 (1):3869-3894.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Abdul Kamal; Assad Ullah; Jiajia Zheng; Bowen Zheng; Huizhu Xia. 2019. "Natural resource or market seeking motive of China’s FDI in asia? New evidence at income and sub-regional level." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 32, no. 1: 3869-3894.