Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (AFPMSM) offers high power density in structures with short axial lengths and large radial dimensions, making it attractive for applications that require thin structures, such as in-wheel motors. This study proposes an AFPMSM design process applicable under fixed inner/outer diameter and axial length constraints. The proposed process is presented as step-by-step procedures: selection of pole/slot combinations, adjustment of slot depth, determination of stator/rotor dimensional ratios, and slot structure design. It is universally applicable to both bobbin-type rectangular wire windings and shoe-type round wire windings. The validity of the proposed process was verified through finite element method (FEM) analysis, and the differences between the two winding structures were examined through post-processing of the results. By presenting an AFPMSM design methodology that can be consistently applied under constrained spatial conditions, this study provides practical design guidelines for the development of in-wheel motors for next-generation mobility applications.

In this paper, a high-power hybrid electric motor is proposed in which 3DP technique is applied to the fabrication process to improve the power density of the motor. energy saving and environmental issues have become a global issue, research on increasing power density to simplify the system while reducing the resources consumed in manufacturing has become important in recent years. To improve power density, research is being conducted on optimizing various design parameters. However, in the case of motors manufactured by the general mold pressing process, a pressing process is used to press metal sheets into a mold of the desired shape with a strong force, but due to the limitations of the process itself, the shape design is limited and the design parameters for improving power density are also limited. Therefore, this paper applies 3DP technology to secure the shape freedom of the motor and proposes a hybrid motor design process to improve the output density. Among the 3DP production methods, the SLM method is adopted, and the SLM technique has the advantage of securing high strength and mechanical precision, and it is advantageous for design because it can freely manufacture objects with complex shapes. The hybrid motor is a structure that combines a radial type of permanent magnet motor and an axial type of permanent magnet motor based on the design freedom secured through the 3D printing process, and the shape was optimized to satisfy a higher output density than the general basic model.

Surface permanent-magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs) have been widely adopted for ship propulsion due to their high power density and efficiency. However, conventional three-phase open-slot SPMSMs struggle to balance high efficiency with reductions in cogging torque and torque ripple. This paper proposes a design of an SPMSM with a six-phase winding configuration and a chamfer-shaped permanent magnet to reduce cogging torque and torque ripple. Electromagnetic performance is evaluated through finite element analysis (FEA). A reference three-phase interior PMSM and three-phase SPMSMs with different magnet shapes are first compared to identify a suitable basic design. Based on the basic machine, three pole–slot combinations for the six-phase winding are analyzed, and the most efficient configuration is selected. A final model is designed to minimize cogging torque and torque ripple for the chamfer-shaped permanent magnet. Finally, the effectiveness of the final model is validated through FEA by comparing its performance with that of the reference model.

The growing demand for compact and high-performance motors in industrial robotic joints has intensified interest in axial flux permanent magnet motors (AFPMs), which inherently offer high torque density and a thin form factor compared with conventional radial flux permanent magnet motors (RFPMs). Among various AFPM structures, printed circuit board (PCB) Stator motors have gained significant attention due to their slotless configuration, reduced cogging torque, low vibration and acoustic noise, and enhanced geometric thinness enabled by PCB-etched conductors. This study proposes a conductor arrangement strategy that mitigates back-EMF imbalance in concentrated-winding single-rotor PCB AFPM for robotic joints. Several conductor configurations are analyzed and compared through electromagnetic finite-element evaluation, and an optimized arrangement is identified that effectively improves phase EMF symmetry while maintaining structural thinness. The results provide design guidelines for high-performance PCB AFPMs suitable for next-generation robotic actuators.