Algler denizel ortamdaki en büyük biyokütleye sahip olan üreticilerden biri olarak ekosistemimizin önemli bir parçasıdır ve artan kirlilik sorununu izlemeye yardımcı olabilirler. Çalışmamızda, Antalya (Türkiye) kıyı alanlarından 2019 yılı yaz sezonunda toplanan Jania rubens, Pterocladia capillacea, Ulva intestinalis, Halopteris scoparia, Ellisolandia elongata ve Halopithys incurva makroalg örneklerinde makro (Ca, Mg, K, Na, P) ve iz element (Fe, Cd, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cr) konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Element konsantrasyonları ICP-OES cihazıyla analiz edilmiştir. Elementler arasındaki pozitif ve negatif ilişkiler Pearson Korelasyon İndeks ile analiz edilmiştir. Tüm örneklerde makro element düzeyleri iz element düzeylerinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Makroalg örneklerinde Ca, en yüksek konsantrasyonda bulunan makro element olarak belirlenirken, Fe ise iz element konsantrasyonu en yüksek olan metal olarak tespit edilmiştir. U. intestinalis türünde Mo, Cd ve Co, H. scoparia türünde Mo, H. incurva ve P. capillacea türünde Cd, E. elongata türünde Mo elementi tespit edilebilir limit değerlerinin altında kalmıştır. Çalışmamızda elde edilen veriler literatürdeki diğer çalışmalar ile karşılaştırıldığında sonuçların paralellik gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. Sucul ortamlara eksojen bileşiklerin girişi, ekosistemlerin sağlığı için gerçek bir risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle, geri dönüşü olmayan birtakım zararlara neden olmadan önce bu bileşiklerin doğal ortamdaki varlıklarını tespit etmek ve olumsuz çevresel etkilerini yenmek için etkin bir teknoloji geliştirmek son derece önem arz etmektedir.

Aim: This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activities, total oxidant/antioxidant status, and phenolic profiles of commercial Spirulina and Undaria extracts obtained with solvents of different polarity. Methods: Extracts were prepared using hexane, ethanol, and water. Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and metal chelation assays. Total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and phenolic aldehyde contents were quantified spectrophotometrically. Phenolic identities and profiles were analyzed using LC–MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode with authentic standards. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured using commercial kits. Results: Spirulina ethanol and hexane extracts exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging and chelating activities, with lower IC₅₀ values in DPPH and ABTS assays compared with Undaria. Spirulina consistently showed higher TAS and lower OSI, indicating a more favorable oxidative balance. Phenolic profiling revealed vanillin, vanillic acid, and gentisic acid as dominant in Spirulina, whereas Undaria was richer in high-molecular-weight phlorotannins but yielded lower TPC and TFC values. Solvent polarity strongly influenced outcomes: ethanol and hexane extracts provided higher phenolic content and stronger antioxidant activity than water. Conclusion: Spirulina extracts demonstrated superior antioxidant activity and phenolic diversity compared to Undaria, challenging the perception that brown algae always dominate in polyphenol content. By integrating classical assays with oxidative stress indices, this study highlights Spirulina’s potential as a more effective source of functional antioxidants.

Coronilla minima L. is a Mediterranean Fabaceae species whose phytochemical composition and biological properties remain incompletely characterized. This study profiled the phenolic constituents of methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions and evaluated their in vitro antioxidant, enzyme-inhibitory, antibacterial, and photoprotective activities. Preliminary phytochemical screening and spectrophotometric determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were followed by LC–ESI–MS/MS analysis. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, reducing-power, silver-nanoparticle, and phenanthroline assays; α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, agar-disc antibacterial activity, and spectrophotometric sun protection factor (SPF) were also determined. LC–ESI–MS/MS detected 19 compounds among 44 authenticated standards, with chlorogenic acid showing the highest concentration in the methanolic fraction (122.79 µg/g). Rutin (29.46 µg/g), hesperidin (28.67 µg/g), and isoquercitrin (28.50 µg/g) were the most abundant flavonoids. The ethyl acetate fraction generally showed the strongest in vitro activity, including DPPH scavenging (IC50 41.87 ± 0.48 µg/mL), α-amylase inhibition (IC50 113.98 ± 4.65 µg/mL), and AChE inhibition (IC50 11.75 ± 1.84 µg/mL). Antibacterial effects were confined mainly to Gram-positive strains, whereas no tested fraction inhibited Escherichia coli. The three fractions showed similar in vitro SPF values (43.56–44.85). These findings identify C. minima as a source of phenolic constituents with multiple in vitro bioactivities, while further mechanistic, toxicological, and in vivo studies are required before therapeutic or cosmetic applications can be considered.

The demand for natural bioactive compounds has increased interest in plant-derived oils obtained through green extraction techniques. Papaver somniferum L. seed oil is a promising source of fatty acids and phytochemicals with potential biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid composition, phytochemical content, and antimicrobial activity of P. somniferum seed oil obtained by supercritical CO₂ extraction. Oil extraction was performed under optimized conditions (36.75 MPa, 47 °C, CO₂ flow rate: 1 L min⁻¹). Fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography, while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method against selected Gram-positive,Gram-negative bacteria, and yeast strains.The extraction yielded approximately 20% oil. The fatty acid profile was dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids, with linoleic acid as the major component, followed by oleic and palmitic acids. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 73.70 mg GAE g⁻¹ extract and 21.42 mg QE g⁻¹ extract, respectively. The oil exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus (MIC: 0.375 mg mL⁻¹) and Candida albicans (MIC: 0.75 mg mL⁻¹), while Gram-negative bacteria were less sensitive. The findings indicate that P. somniferum seed oil possesses significant bioactive potential, likely due to synergistic interactions between fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Supercritical CO₂ extraction is an effective and environmentally friendly method for obtaining high-quality oil with promising applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Laurus nobilis L., commonly growing as a shrub or small tree, thrives in Mediterranean climates and is traditionally used for its aromatic leaves with antiseptic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. In this study, supercritical CO₂ extraction of L. nobilis leaves was performed under optimized conditions (300 MPa, 50 °C, 150 min) with ethanol added for homogenization. The extract was evaluated for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70603, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076) bacteria using the broth microdilution method. Antioxidant potential was determined via DPPH• scavenging, ABTS•⁺, CUPRAC, and metal chelating assays. The extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial effect against Gram-negative strains P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae (MIC: 1.562 mg/mL). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were high, measured as 3291.62 ± 124.4 µg GAE/mg and 479.63 ± 28.7 µg QE/mg extract, respectively. In antioxidant assays, the extract showed notable ABTS•⁺ scavenging (IC₅₀: 30.26 ± 0.73 µg/mL), metal chelating activity (IC₅₀: 27.83 ± 0.71 µg/mL), and moderate CUPRAC reducing power (A₀.₅₀: 161.24 ± 0.29 µg/mL), while DPPH• scavenging activity was minimal. These results indicate that the extract possesses potent radical scavenging and metal-binding capacities, likely attributed to its rich phenolic composition. Overall, the findings support the ethnopharmacological use of L. nobilis and highlight its potential applications as a natural antioxidant and selective antimicrobial agent. The combination of high phenolic content, strong radical-scavenging, and selective antibacterial activity positions L. nobilis supercritical extracts as promising candidates for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industry applications.