Heat-related traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) play a crucial role in reducing the harmful effect of heat stress, as the increase in heat stress is predicted to occur in the coming years due to global warming as a result of climate change. The advantage of multiple pods per peduncle and compound (imparipinnate) leaf traits in kabuli chickpea has not been properly revealed under heat stress conditions. We, therefore, want (i) to provide insight into the advantage of multiple pods and compound leaf traits over single pod per node and simple (unifoliolate) leaf traits, and (ii) to determine the highest direct and indirect effects of agro-morphological traits on seed yield in chickpeas under rainfed conditions with prevailing heat stress. With a delayed sowing time, the plants were subjected to heat stress of more than 43 °C in flowering and pod setting stages under field conditions. According to the number of pods per node and leaf shape, plants were evaluated for yield and yield components, and were divided into six groups, namely (i) single-pod and compound leaf, (ii) single-pod and simple leaf, (iii) double-pods and compound leaf, (iv) double-pods and simple leaf, (v) multi-pods and compound leaf, and (vi) multi-pods and simple leaf. Plants with multi-pods and compound leaf traits had the highest seed yield, followed by plants with double-pods and compound leaf, while plants with single-pod and simple leaf had the lowest yield. The number of seeds and pods per plant, 100-seed weight, and leaf shape were the highest determinants of seed yield under heat stress conditions. It was concluded that multi-pods per peduncle and compound leaf traits had an obviously incontrovertible advantage in kabuli chickpeas under heat stress conditions. The plant shapes that nature has evolved for millions of years, which are mostly found in wild plants, have been proven by the current study to have a better fitness ability than plants shaped by human hands.

A large seed size in the kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is important in the market not only due to its high price but also for its superior seedling vigor. The double-podded chickpea has a considerable yield and stability advantage over the single-podded chickpea. The study aimed at (i) integrating extra-large-seeded and double-podded traits in the kabuli chickpea, (ii) increasing variation by transgressive segregations and (iii) estimating the heritability of the 100-seed weight along with important agro-morphological traits in F₂ and F₃ populations. For these objectives, the large-seeded chickpea, Sierra, having a single pod and unifoliolate leaves, was crossed with the small-seeded CA 2969, having double pods and imparipinnate leaves. The inheritance pattern of the extra-large-seeded trait was polygenically controlled by partial dominant alleles. Transgressive segregations were found for all agro-morphological traits. Some progeny with 100-seed weights of ≥55 g and two pods had larger seed sizes than those of the best parents. As outputs of the epistatic effect of the double-podded gene in certain genetic backgrounds, three or more flowers or pods were found in some progeny. Progeny having imparipinnate leaves or two or more pods should be considered in breeding, since they had higher numbers of pods and seeds per plant and seed yields than their counterparts.

The Neoplasm trait in pea pods is reported to be due to the lack of ultraviolet (UV) light in glasshouse conditions or in response to pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L.) damage. This pod deformation arises from the growth of non-meristematic tissue on pods of domesticated peas (Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum). Neither expressivity, nor the effect of pea weevil on neoplasm in the tall wild pea (P. sativum L. subsp. elatius (M. Bieb.) Asch. & Graebn.), have been adequately studied. We aimed to study the expression and inheritance of neoplasm in the tall wild pea and crosses between domesticated and tall wild peas grown in the glasshouse (without pea weevils) and in the field (with pea weevils) under natural infestation conditions. Neoplasm was found in all pods in tall wild peas when grown in the glasshouse, while it was not detected on pods of field-grown plants despite heavy pea weevil damage. In inter-subspecific crosses between P. sativum subsp. sativum and P. sativum subsp. elatius, all F₁ plants had neoplastic pods, and the F₂ populations segregated in a good fit ratio of 3 (neoplasm): 1 (free from neoplasm) under glasshouse conditions, which suggests that neoplasm on pods of the tall wild pea was controlled by a single dominant gene. Expressivity of neoplasm in the progeny differed from parent to parent used in inter-subspecific crosses. There was no relationship between neoplasm and damage by pea weevil under heavy insect epidemics under field conditions. The neoplasm occurring under glasshouse conditions may be due to one or to a combination of environmental factors. Since wild peas are useful genetic resources for breeding programs aiming at fresh pea production that could be utilized under glasshouse conditions, negative selection could be considered in segregating populations.

En tr This study was conducted to determine the crude nutrient contents and quality characteristics of silages prepared from the mixture of maize (Zea mays L.) and Leucaena leucocephala L. within the proportions of %0 (control), 20%, 40%, 60% respectively. Totally 24 silages were made with 6 repetitions in each. In L.leucocephala mixed silages, crude protein, crude ash, crude cellulose, notr detergan fiber and lactic acid showed significant increase, however; dry matter, crude oil, acid detergan fiber, pH, acetic acid and butyric acid decraesed significantly. In conclusion, it is observed that when the maize crop is silaged with L. leucocephala, more qualified silages can be retained with high crude protein content and that L. leucocephala can be appraised as silage forages. Bu çalışmada mısırın (Zea mays L.) Leucaena leucocephala L. ile farklı oranlarda karışımı ile elde edilen silajların ham besin maddesi içeriklerini ve kalite özelliklerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla mısır bitkisine %0 (kontrol), %20, %40 ve %60 oranında L. leucocephala karıştırılarak, her silaj grubundan 6 tekerrür olacak şekilde toplam 24 adet silaj yapılmıştır. Fermantasyon sonunda yapılan analizlerde, L. leucocephala’nın karıştırıldığı silajlarda ham protein (HP), ham kül (HK), ham selüloz (HS), nötr deterjan lif (NDF), suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat (SÇK), laktik asit bakterisi (LAB) ve laktik asit içeriklerinde önemli artışlar belirlenmiştir. Saf mısır silajına göre L. leucocephala ilave edilen silajlarda daha düşük oranda kuru madde (KM), ham yağ (HY), asit deterjan lif (ADF) pH, asetik asit ve bütirik asit seviyeleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, mısırın L. leucocephala ile birlikte karışım olarak silolanması başta HP içeriğinin yüksekliği olmak üzere, daha kaliteli silajlar elde edilebileceği ve L. leucocephala’nın silaj bitkisi olarak değerlendirilebileceği görülmüştür.

En tr This study was conducted to determine the crude nutrient contents and quality characteristics of silages prepared from maize (Zea mays L.) (M100) and the mixture of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) at the rates of 20%, 40%, 60% respectively. Totaly 24 silages were made with 6 repetitions in each at the end of the 60-day fermentation process in the analysis, carried out in silages, according to M100 control silages maize-soybean mixture silages were determined significant increases in terms of content crude protein silages, crude oil, ash, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, calcium and lactic acid bacteria according to maize silage (M100), in maize-soya mixture silages were determined in a lower rate of dry matter water soluble carbohydrates, the pH lactic acid and acetic acid. As a result , the ensiling by being mixed with maize of the Soybean, undesirable by the animals when it is ensiled alone has been shown to give better results in terms of silage fermentation and quality. Bu çalışmanın amacı, mısır (Zea mays L.) ile soyanın (Glycine max L.) sırasıyla yalın mısır (M100), 80:20 (M80+SY20), 60:40 (M60+SY40) ve 40:60 (M40+SY60) oranlarındaki karışımlarından hazırlanan silajların besin maddesi içeriklerini, fermantasyon ve mikrobiyolojik özelliklerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla hasat edilen bitkisel materyal belirlenen oranlarda karıştırılmış ve her silaj grubundan 6 tekerrür olacak şekilde toplam 24 adet silaj hazırlanmıştır. 60 günlük fermantasyon süreci sonunda silajlarda yapılan analizlerde, yalın mısır silajına göre mısır+soya karışımı silajlarda ham protein (HP), ham yağ (HY), ham kül (HK), ham selüloz (HS), nötr deterjan lif (NDF), asit deterjan lif (ADF), kalsiyum (Ca) ve laktik asit bakterisi (LAB) içeriklerinde önemli artışlar belirlenmiştir. Yalın mısır silajına göre mısır+soya karışımı silajlarda daha düşük oranda kuru madde (KM), suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat (SÇK), pH, laktik asit ve asetik asit tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, tek başına silolandığında silaj kalitesi düşük olan ve hayvanlar tarafından sevilerek tüketilmeyen soyanın, mısır ile karıştırılarak silolanmasının silaj fermantasyonu ve kalitesi bakımından daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür.