Grain contaminated by cadmium (Cd) has become a serious food security problem, and it is necessary to determine and evaluate the toxic effect and defense mechanism of long-term heavy metal pollution in grain. In order to evaluate the effects of long-term heavy metal Cd stress on the stored grain pests, Aleuroglyphus ovatus were fed with an artificial diet supplemented with different concentrations of Cd (0, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg). The development, fecundity and detoxification enzymes of A. ovatus were analyzed and observed. In this study, the immature duration of A. ovatus was significantly prolonged under long-term Cd stress. Moreover, the survival duration of female adults was significantly shortened. The total number of eggs laid and the daily number laid per female adult decreased significantly. There were significant differences in protein content at protonymph and tritonymph stages when the concentration of Cd exceeded 10 mg/kg. The protein content of female adults was higher than that of male adults. The activity of detoxification enzymes showed differences in different conditions, such as development stage, Cd concentration and gender. These findings confirmed that A. ovatus were sensitive to Cd, and their offspring were severely affected under long-term Cd stress. Therefore, A. ovatus is a good model for evaluating the toxicity of long-term heavy metal Cd stress. The study provides the basis and enriches the research content of heavy metal pollution on mites, contributing to the harmonious and healthy development between the environment and human beings.

Background: Brahmophthalma hearseyi (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) is widely distributed across China. Its larvae damage the leaves of many plants such as those belonging to the Oleaceae family, causing significant economic losses and seriously affecting the survival and reproduction of Cervus nippon; however, genetic data for this species are scarce. Methods: The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of B. hearseyi was sequenced using long-PCR and primer-walking methods. Phylogenetic analysis that was based on 13 PCGs and two rRNAs was carried out using the neighbor-joining and Bayesian interference methods. Results: The mitogenome is a typical circular molecule that is made up of 15,442 bp, which includes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and an A + T-rich region (456 bp). All of the PCGs, except for COX1 and COX2, start with ATN codons. COX2 and ND5 use the incomplete termination codon T, and 11 other PCGs use the typical stop codon TAA. All tRNA genes, except for trnS1 and trnS2, display a typical cloverleaf structure; trnS1 lacks the “DHU” arm, whereas trnS2 exhibits two mismatched base pairs in the anticodon stem. Phylogenetic analysis showed that B. hearseyi is clustered into Brahmaeidae, and the phylogenetic relationships are (Brahmaeidae + Lasiocampidae) + (Bombycidae + (Sphingidae + Saturniidae)). Conclusions: This study provides the first mitogenomic resources for the Brahmaeidae.

A systematic survey of macrofungal diversity was conducted at the Jiulingshan National Nature Reserve, located in a subtropical monsoon climatic zone dominated by well-preserved evergreen broad-leaved forests, Jiangxi Province, China. From May 2020 to September 2025, fruiting bodies were collected along transects established in the experimental zone, covering major vegetation types across an elevation gradient of 50–850 m. Macrofungal specimens were initially identified using traditional morphological taxonomy. For taxonomically challenging species, identification was further supported by ITS sequence analysis. A total of 295 macrofungal species were identified, belonging to two phyla, six classes, 20 orders, 63 families, and 150 genera, along with one species of myxomycete. Boletaceae, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, and Polyporaceae were the most species-rich families, while Amanita, Russula, and Entoloma were the dominant genera. Floristic analysis revealed that cosmopolitan and North Temperate elements predominated in the macrofungal flora. Among the recorded species, 105 (35.6%) possess edible or medicinal value, whereas 26 (8.8%) are poisonous. This study provides the first comprehensive inventory of macrofungi in the Jiulingshan reserve, offering essential baseline data to support biodiversity conservation, sustainable resource utilization, and the understanding of fungal diversity in northwestern Jiangxi.

The genus Phylloporus (Boletaceae, Boletales) is a group of ectomycorrhizal fungi, distinguished from other members of Boletaceae by its unique lamellate hymenophore. Although some molecular data exist for this genus, its mitogenomic characteristics remain poorly understood. In our study, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the complete mitogenomes of eight species representing seven major subclades of Boletaceae collected in Jiangxi Province, China, with a focus on four Phylloporus species. We found that Phylloporus mitogenomes are circular, ranging in size from 35,117 bp to 38,908 bp, and contain 14–15 core protein-coding genes (PCGs), 24–28 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. Our comparative analysis revealed that Phylloporus species share many features, such as gene content, gene length, tRNA repertoire, and gene order, while Boletaceae as a whole shows a lot of diversity. Codon usage patterns are quite similar across the family. The Ka/Ks ratios of most 15 core PCGs were less than 1, suggesting these genes have been preserved through purifying selection over time. By using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and combining 28 other mitotic genomes in the NCBI database, our phylogenetic analysis produced highly consistent and well-supported trees (BPP ≥ 0.98, BS ≥ 71). It is noted that this family is divided into seven subfamilies, which is consistent with previous taxonomic studies. Altogether, our findings shed light on the unique features of Phylloporus and its connections to other members of Boletaceae. These findings not only provide valuable insights into the taxonomy, phylogeny, genetic diversity, and resource conservation of Boletaceae but also serve as a valuable genomic resource for future research.