The human G-leukocyte antigen (HLA-G) molecule is a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule. The pertinence of HLA-G has been investigated in numerous studies which have sought to elucidate the relevance of HLA-G in pathologic conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, cancers, and hematologic malignancies. One of the main goals of the current research on HLA-G is to use this molecule in clinical practice, either in diagnostics or as a therapeutic target. Since HLA-G antigens are currently considered as immunomodulatory molecules that are involved in reducing inflammatory and immune responses, in this review, we decided to focus on this group of antigens as potential determinants of progression in autoimmune diseases. This article highlights what we consider as recent pivotal findings on the immunomodulatory function of HLA-G, not only to establish the role of HLA-G in the human body, but also to explain how these proteins mediate the immune response.

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is defined as a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease with a localization predominantly to the anus and genitals (vulvar sclerosus (VLS)). Pediatric lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with predilection for the anogenital area that if untreated can lead to scarring. Vulvar LS is characterized by two peaks in incidence: it occurs in prepubertal girls and in postmenopausal women. To date, several mechanisms and risk factors have been proposed in the pathogenesis of pediatric vulvar LS; however, the etiology of this condition is still not fully understood and constitutes a challenge for scientists and clinicians. The presented research aimed to systematically review the existing literature on the pathogenesis of pediatric LS and to identify possible underlying autoimmune mechanisms and molecular networks. The clinical presentation of pediatric lichen sclerosus and available treatment modalities are also presented to acquaint a broader audience with this underdiagnosed and undertreated condition. As a result of our review, we discuss several potential mechanisms, molecules, and pathways that have been recognized in this disease. The purpose of our review was also to summarize what we can induce in further studies, which will ultimately help to identify the mechanism responsible for the disease and aid in the development of new, more effective treatment strategies for diagnosis and treatment by clinicians and researchers.

AL (light-chain) amyloidosis is a systemic disease in which amyloid fibers are formed from kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chains, or fragments thereof, produced by a neoplastic clone of plasmocytes. The produced protein is deposited in tissues and organs in the form of extracellular deposits, which leads to impairment of their functions and, consequently, to death. Despite the development of research on pathogenesis and therapy, the mortality rate of patients with late diagnosed amyloidosis is 30%. The diagnosis is delayed due to the complex clinical picture and the slow progression of the disease. This is the type of amyloidosis that most often contributes to cardiac lesions and causes cardiac amyloidosis (CA). Early diagnosis and correct identification of the type of amyloid plays a crucial role in the planning and effectiveness of therapy. In addition to standard histological studies based on Congo red staining, diagnostics are enriched by tests to determine the degree of cardiac involvement. In this paper, we discuss current diagnostic methods used in cardiac light chain amyloidosis and the latest therapies that contribute to an improved patient prognosis.

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, causing pain and infertility. Despite the rather unclear etiopathogenesis, recent studies suggest the involvement of the immune system in the development and progression of endometriosis. The role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the modulation of the immune response in this disease seems to be particularly interesting. This preliminary study aimed to investigate the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 on T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood in patients with endometriosis to assess their potential impact on disease progression. Our study involved peripheral blood samples from 80 patients diagnosed with endometriosis and 20 healthy women as a control group were analyzed. Flow cytometry was used to assess the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 on T and B lymphocytes, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to assess their soluble forms in serum and peritoneal fluid.in our research we observe significantly higher expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 on T and B lymphocytes was found in patients with endometriosis compared to the control group. Higher expression of both tested molecules correlated with the stage of endometriosis. The results of our preliminary studies indicate a potential role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the modulation of the immune response in endometriosis. Modified expression of these proteins may contribute to immune evasion by ectopic tissues, supporting their survival and proliferation. These findings suggest that targeting PD-1/PD-L1 could be explored as a therapeutic option for the treatment of endometriosis, though further research with larger sample sizes is necessary to confirm these results and clarify the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the assessment of the percentage of NK and NKT-like cells expressing Toll-like receptors (TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, and TLR-9) in patients with gastric cancer (GC) compared with healthy volunteers (HV) and to investigate differences according to cancer subtype. We also assessed TLR gene expression by RT-qPCR to assess whether TLRs could be diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Methods: The study included 86 patients with histologically confirmed gastric cancer and 30 healthy volunteers. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the participants, and TLR expression on NK and NKT-like cells was assessed by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. The expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 genes was assessed using genetic material derived from NK and NKT-like cells sourced from PBMC. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests, and the predictive ability of variables was assessed using ROC curve analysis. Results: A significantly higher expression of TLR receptors (TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, and TLR-9) was found in patients with gastric cancer compared to healthy volunteers (p < 0.05). TLR expression also differed depending on the cancer subtype, and higher expression was observed in more advanced GC subtypes. RT-qPCR analysis showed significantly increased expression of TLR genes in the group of GC patients. ROC curves indicate a high ability of TLRs to differentiate between GC patients and healthy individuals. Conclusions: The expression of TLRs on NK and NKT-like cells is clearly increased in patients with gastric cancer, especially in more advanced subtypes of the tumor. The results suggest that TLRs could potentially be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and represent potential targets for immune therapies in GC. However, further studies are needed to determine the functional role of TLRs in disease progression and the possibility of their use in personalized treatment.

Introduction and purpose: The laryngeal cancer is the most common cancer of head and neck and is associated with smoking. It is mainly squamous cell carcinoma. There are many methods to diagnosis this cancer. The most important method of the treatment is complicated operation – laryngectomy which is described in this article. There are presented diagnosis and staging of laryngeal cancer, the main types of laryngectomy, process, results and complications. And the end of this article will be mentioned about the loss of voice and of normal and efficient verbal communication as a negative consequence associated with this type of surgery that can have significant impacts on the quality of life. The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with the topic of laryngectomy as the primary treatment for larynx cancer.Description of the state of knowledge: Studies show an increase in the incidence of this type of cancer. The main risk factors are smoking, drinking alcohol and exposure to heavy metals. Symptoms are really different and include hoarseness, sore throat, coughing and dysphagia. Depending on the location, the course of the cancer can be different. The main examinations are laryngoscopy, CT, MRI, USG and PET. The laryngectomy procedure as a main therapy must be radical as far as possible to the extent that the tumor can be resected within healthy tissue but the goal is to preserve the largest possible function of the organ. The most often complication is pharyngocutaneous fistula.Summary: The laryngectomy is the main method of therapy of the laryngeal cancer. it is a mutilating and often speech-depriving procedure but medicine has now many solutions for this kind of patients.