Magnetic levitation is used for 3D biomanufacturing and biofabrication in space.

Periodontitis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that leads to the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues and remains the primary cause of tooth loss worldwide. Despite advances in regenerative approaches—including stem cell therapy, scaffold-based tissue engineering, and guided tissue regeneration—the complete and functional restoration of the periodontal ligament remains a major clinical challenge. Stem-cell-based therapies and advanced biomaterials have emerged as promising strategies in regenerative medicine, offering potential for restoring periodontal structure and function. Among cells, periodontal-ligament-derived stem cells (PDLSCs) show exceptional regenerative potential due to their ability to differentiate into cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and other cell types essential for periodontal repair. In recent years, a variety of biomaterials with distinct specifications and properties have been utilized to repair periodontal damage. In addition to the inherent properties of biomaterials, the morphology and structural characteristics of these materials as bioequivalents for periodontal regeneration are also critical considerations. Furthermore, recent studies emphasize that mechanical stimulation plays a considerable role in directing stem cell differentiation, gene expression, matrix organization, and modulating inflammatory responses in periodontal regeneration. Canonical parameter ranges for systematic analysis indicate that cyclic stretch strain of 1–20% at 0.1–0.5 Hz (6–30 cycles/min) typically increases the expression of osteogenic markers (RUNX2, ALP, OCN) and matrix components (Col1) in PDLSCs. Conversely, higher values (>15%) often bias the response toward inflammatory pathways (IL-6, PGE2). Static compression above 2 g/cm² consistently stimulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and alters the RANKL/OPG balance in favor of osteoclastogenesis. Significant heterogeneity in response across studies will be analyzed by examining key methodological variables, including specific loading regimens (duration, frequency patterns) and culture conditions (e.g., serum/osteogenic supplements), which critically modulate mechanotransduction outcomes. This review summarizes current progress in periodontal regenerative medicine, emphasizing cellular and biomaterial considerations, as well as biofabrication techniques, with a particular focus on the influence of mechanical forces on PDLSCs. We discuss cellular responses to mechanical stimuli, including changes in gene expression, cytoskeletal organization, proliferation, and differentiation. Combining biological knowledge with advances in bioprinting and the study of mechanobiology, we finally discuss promising opportunities for improving periodontal regeneration that can be applied in the future in clinical practice.

A method is proposed of fabricating tubular constructs from tissue spheroids (conglomerates of cells up to 200 μm in size) in a nutrient fluid using t

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used in microfluidics and medical devices; however, its inherent hydrophobicity limits its applications. This can be resolved by the formation of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrophilic coatings. Here, we aimed to prove that PDMS surfaces modified with low molecular weight PEG (400) provided a more stable hydrophilic surface. The lowest contact angle achieved via using PEG400 and the “grafting from” approach was 8.6 ± 3.5°. Under perfusion conditions, imitating arterial and capillary flows, such coatings were considerably stable, and the contact angle was kept at 45.5° after 3 days. Moreover, the applied surface modifications preserved surface roughness, elastic modulus, and optical transparency. Thus, these findings confirmed that the “grafting from” approach with low molecular weight PEG could be the most effective strategy to form hydrophilic PDMS coatings with optimal performance in biomedical applications.

электронный журнал: Клиническая и экспериментальная морфология